Gas Market Reformation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2747 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Energy Industry Essay Type Research paper Tags: Energy Essay Did you like this example? ENERGY LAW-GAS MARKET REFORMATION Distribution Grid of Natural Gas It is the grid which is developed or is going to be developed in accordance with approved program of development Natural Gas Distribution Companies The companies which occupy with issues of natural gas distribution grid. Regulatory Authority of Energy (RAE) The Regulatory Authority for Energy (RAE) is an independent administrative authority, which enjoys, by the provisions of the law establishing it, financial and administrative independence. RAE was established on the basis of the provisions of L. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Gas Market Reformation" essay for you Create order 2773/1999, which was issued within the framework of the harmonisation of the Hellenic Law to the provisions of Directive 96/92/EC for the liberalization of the electricity market. The financial independence of RAE, which is an essential condition in order to preserve the Authoritys independence, was effectively ensured by the provisions of L. 2837/2000, through which it is anticipated that the Authority possesses its own resources, i.e. revenue bonds from the regulated industry, participation to research projects etc. These resources are managed in accordance with the Presidential Decree 139/2001 Regulation for the Internal Operation and Administration of RAE, while financial management is subject to ex-post auditing by Independent Auditors and the Court of Auditors. New competences and duties were assigned to RAE with respect to electricity and natural gas sectors by the Electricity Law 3426/2005 and the Gas Law 3428/2005, in alignment with the relevant provisions of the EC Dire ctives 2003/54 and 2003/55, in particular with respect to access tariffs to electricity and gas networks, the terms and conditions for the provision of balancing services in natural gas, as well as on issues related to security of electricity and natural gas supply. Furthermore, on the basis of the modifications introduced with the abovementioned laws, RAE acts as a dispute settlement authority with respect to complaints against transmission or distribution system operator in both electricity and natural gas sectors. The main duties and responsibilities assigned to RAE relate to the following subjects: Monitoring the operation of all sectors of the energy market (Electricity, Natural Gas, Oil Products, Renewable Energy Sources, Cogeneration of Electricity and Heat etc.). Collection and processing of information from companies in the energy sector while respecting the principles of confidentiality. Participation in the pre-parliamentary legislative process through recommendation to the Minister of Development of the appropriate measures related to compliance with competition rules and to the overall protection of the consumers in the energy market. RAE monitors in particular the management and allocation of interconnection capacity, the time taken by TSO and DSO for connections of users and repairs to the network, the publication of all appropriate information by the TSO and the DSO, the terms and tariffs for third party access, the unbundling of accounts, the level of transparency and competition in the energy market and the security of supply. RAE issues a report every two years on security of supply both for electricity and natural gas, which is published and submitted both to the Minister of Development and the Commission, pursuant to the provisions of laws 3426/2005 and 3428/2005. Advice under the form of a simple opinion, with respect to the enactment of the secondary legislation, with the exception of the Electricity Grid Operation Code, the Power Exchanges Code, the Distribution Network Operation Code, where RAE enjoys the right of a consenting opinion. Furthermore, with respect to natural gas, RAE gives a consenting opinion for the issue of the Operation Codes of the National Natural Gas System as well as of the Independent Natural Gas System, while it approves the appropriate methodologies and details for the implementation of both Operation Codes. Advice under the form of a simple opinion, with respect to the terms and conditions for access to the transmission and distribution networks. Approval of the methodologies for the access tariffs to electricity transmission and distribution networks. The tariffs for third party access to electricity networks are approved by the Minister of Development following a consenting opinion of RAE, whilst RAE gives a simple opinion with respect to tariffs for third party access to natural gas systems. Regarding natural gas, RAE drafts the tariffs Regulation which is subject to approval by the Minister of Development, and regulates the terms and conditions for the provision of balancing services. Participation, under the form of a simple opinion, in the process for the granting and revocation of licences for the discharge of electricity activities. Monitoring of the exercise of the activities undertaken by licensees and access to information. Advice, under the form of a simple opinion, in the procedure for the approval of electricity retail tariffs with the exception of access tariffs. Approval of the generation adequacy studies conducted by HTSO to establish whether HTSO should issue tenders for new generation capacity. Imposition of financial sanctions, particularly fines to the violators of the primary and secondary energy legislation. Arbitral resolution of disputes between parties on electricity and natural gas legislation. Dispute settlement authority with respect to complaints against electricity transmission or distribution system operators and the owner of the electricity network, as well as against Natural Gas System and Distribution Operators on infringements of primary and secondary electricity and natural gas legislation. Cooperation with Regulatory Authorities of other countries, international Organisations and the European Commission. Reporting on an annual basis to the Commission on market dominance, predatory and anticompetitive behaviour on the basis of the appropriate information submitted by the Competition Authority. Finally, under Law 3054/2002 specific responsibilities were assigned to RAE regarding with the organisation and operation of the oil products market. RAE is obliged to comply with the legality principle. The decisions of RAE that are not solely advisory are subject to judicial review by the Athens Administrative Court of Appeals. Finally RAE publishes and submits to the Parliament via the Minister of Development an annual report giving detailed information about its functioning and acts. Natural Gas Distribution License When a company has a natural gas distribution company has the ability to construct the distribution grid of natural gas. Natural Gas Operation License A company which has this license can operate and exploit the Distribution Network Opportunity of renting a Distribution License A company which acquires a Distribution License has the ability to rent an Operation License from ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s owner through a financial return. Limitations in Licensing If there are two or more companies which are interested in getting a License then a competition is organized after RAE opinion and decision of YPEKA. At the end after the competition RAE decides which company is going to take the license. If there is an Operation License for an area then there are little opportunities a second license to be published. A company, which acquires Distribution and Operation License, can take part in a vertically integrated natural gas company if is independent from other sectors of the company Obligations of Natural Gas System Operator The reliability and the security of the System Technically and Financially feasible System Compliance of technical specifications Access for customers and suppliers Connection of the applicants to the System The procurement, installation, maintenance and proper functioning of measuring devices , which are installed in the Distribution System To provide to the Users of the Grid and to the Administrators of the Interconnected Systems and Distribution System of Natural Gas the necessary information for an effective Grid access. To avoid the discrimination between the Users of the System and especially in favor the companies that are connected with it. The cooperation with the Operators of the Interconnected and Distribution Natural Gas Systems for applying cooperation and communication protocols in order to secure the proper and the unencumbered function of the Distribution Systems , the fulfillment of their responsibilities, the function of the market and the cooperation with the operators of the organized markets The designation , the scheduling and the implementation of the development of the System taking into consideration the possibility of taking energy efficiency measures. Operation Code of Distribution System By decision of the RAE, upon recommendation of the Distribution Network Operator, is established an Operation Code of Distribution System , whereby is carried out of ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s management, maintenance and development. The Code is published in the Government Gazette and may be amended either at the initiative RAE or at the request of the Administrator. Through the Operation Code can be adjusted the following: Specifications and requirements of designation, operation and maintenance of the System and targets for the efficiency of the Distribution activity. Terms and conditions through which the DSO is obliged to offer access to the System and simultaneously to secure the access of the customers to the System with financially efficient, direct and clear way. Terms and conditions for the connection of the customer to the Distributed System in accordance with techno-economic basis and the process of the temporary denial to the connection to the System, which must be sufficiently justified. The deadline till which the DSO must reasonably decide for the connection applications and inform the applicants about the decision The quality standards and the conditions of the delivery conditions of Natural Gas which is distributed through the system The obligations of the DSO in the case of extreme conditions and especially the priority order of interruption of the connected customers. The schedule of maintenance and development of the distributed system and the procedures of informing the users of the system and the Operators of the Interconnected distribution systems. Information and data related to the Operation of the system, which are given to the users of the system The content of the standard connection and use agreement of the system The procedures for issuing invoices and abidance and clearance of accounts The implementing procedures of measures for the management of the capacity The obligations of the Distribution Network Operator for monitoring the evolution of demand and the content and the process for filing reports to RAE Changes in Natural Gas Market From May 30 2015 begins the separation of the gas distribution sector (distribution system) both DEPA and the EPA Attica, Thessaloniki and Thessaly, and from October 1, 2015 accounting unbundled should be completed. Until January 1, 2017 the legal and functional unbundling of distribution systems of Attica, Thessaloniki and Thessaly must have been completed and companies have to transport their distribution sector to the new CDG which is established. The EPA Thessaloniki and Thessaly can jointly transport their distribution sector to a common CDG in which they participate. The same applies to the distribution sector of DEPA for the rest of Greece. It is going to be established four natural gas distribution companies without being prohibited either the merger of the companies or the establishment of new companies. Distribution networks remain under the exclusive property of DEPA and their management is under CDG. The new projects and the extension of the DS which will constructed by CDG will remain under the property of CDG. There is a 20-year extension to the license of CDG with the option of being extended further for 20 years. There is tax exemption as regards the process of separation of distribution activities Eligible Clients Previous Law Situation The owners of a license of electric power production with the use of Natural Gas All the non-domestic customers who are outside of the EPAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s responsibility boundaries All the non-domestic customers and the big customers who are in areas with à Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ · All the domestic customers who are are outside of the EPAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s responsibility boundaries The customers of the EPA when the license of the EPA is expired The customers of an area with à Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ · when à Ã¢â€š ¬ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ±Ãƒ Ã‚ ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ µÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ºÃƒÅ½Ã‚ »ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ Ã†â€™ÃƒÅ½Ã‚ · is expired The EPAs that are established after this law New Proposal All the customers that are outside of the three EPAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s responsibility boundaries. All the customers that are into the three EPAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s responsibility boundaries and use the natural gas as a fuel to the engines of means of transportation All the customers that are into the three EPAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s responsibility boundaries and use the natural gas as a fuel to the engines of means of transportation All customers that are into the three EPAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s responsibility boundaries and purchase natural gas for industrial use, who had actually consumed more of 2,2 GWh per consumption site within the period preceding twelve consecutive months of that date. From 1/1/2016 all the non-domestic customers with consumption greater than 2,2 GWh From 1/1/2017 all the non-domestic customers without taking into account the consumption From 1/1/2018 all the domestic customers Consequences because of the changes in Natural Gas Market According to the bill four Distribution Companies (ECN) are established in Attica, Thessaloniki, Thessaly, and the fourth in the rest of Greece, to which is granted the exploitation of the distribution systems of the three EPA but DEPA remains solely the owner of those systems. The EPA will remain only as commercial companies that will supply natural gas to retail and the consumers will pay in them their bills. As a result it is gradually achieved the whole separation of the commercial activities from those which are associated with the construction and the management of the system both for DEPA and three EPAs. The separation of the systems starts from 30/5/2015 , while in 1/10/2015 the accounting unbundling of the distribution system activities should be completed. Until 1/1/2017 must have been completed both the legal and functional unbundling of the systems in Attica, Thessaloniki and Thessaly. The EPA Atti ca,Thessaloniki and Thessaly can jointly transport their distribution sector to a common CDG in which they participate. The same applies to the distribution sector of DEPA for the rest of Greece. The EPA and Distribution Companies have the ability through the bill to be merged. In the future it is not prohibited for the distribution system of the Greece to be bounded under one company operator, so as the cost to be decreased. Simultaneously, the monopoly of DEPA and EPA to source and sell natural gas to the customers is gradually finished. The following customers will be able to choose their supplier: All the customers that are outside of the three EPAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s responsibility boundaries. All the customers that are into the three EPAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s responsibility boundaries and use the natural gas as a fuel to the engines of means of transportation All the customers that are into the three EPAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s responsibility boundaries and use the natural gas as a fuel to the engines of means of transportation All customers that are into the three EPAà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s responsibility boundaries and purchase natural gas for industrial use, who had actually consumed more of 2,2 GWh per consumption site within the period preceding twelve consecutive months of that date. From 1/1/2016 all the non-domestic customers with consumption greater than 2,2 GWh From 1/1/2017 all the non-domestic customers without taking into account the consumption From 1/1/2018 all the domestic customers The fact that three EPA lose their monopoly in distribution system and in supplying their clients is in contrast with the exclusivity of 30 years contract that they signed in 2000. As a result it is offered to EPA 20-years extension in the activity of the system with an option of further 20 years. This is happening in order not to arise ligitation problems and the shareholders not to seek for damages. In essence, this means that the licenses of EPA which expire in 2030 are extended until at least 2050. DEPA remain the exclusive owner of the systems but it can not have a financial return from the provision of the management and exploitation of the DS in Attica, Thessaloniki and Thessaly until the redemption of the right to use them. For a period of three years from the launch of the EDA and to facilitate the full development of its own services, the transferring company, whether DEPA either the EPA can support the function of providing the services, for a reasonable conside ration will cover the cost of providing and approved by RAE. Within three months from the enactment of the Law, DEPA as a manager of the distribution system of the rest of Greece, and EPA Attica, Thessaloniki and Thessaly as managers of the systems of the respective geographical areas, recommend to the RAE, which must issue a series of additional provisions within three months from the time of submission. Such devices are the Pricing Rules of these systems, and the Code Management Distribution System. Also, within one month from the entry into force of the Regulation Invoice, DEPA and EPA Attica, Thessaloniki and Thessaly, submit for approval by RAE scales on which they receive in exchange for each key activity provide to their customers. Pending the entry into force of the new tariffs, the price for basic activities for users is 4 euros per MWh

Can People Resist Normative And Informational Social...

Can people resist normative and informational social influence? Name: Emery Zhen Student ID: u5348471 Tutor’s Name: Sydney Kingstone Lab Time: Thursday 11-1pm Word Count: 2007 (include title page and references) Australian National University Can people resist to normative and informational social influence? There is a fundamental human need to belong to social groups especially if people were to live and work together, it is likely that they need to agree on common beliefs, values, attitudes and behaviours in order to get along and fit-in. Thus, we learnt to conform to rules of other people, the more people see others behaving in a particular way or making particular decisions, the more likely people will feel obliged to follow the suit. This is called conformity and can be defined in different ways, Aronson, Wilson Akert (2014) stated it is the changing of one’s behavior due to the real or imagined influence of other people. According to Deutsch and Gerard (1955), social influence should be distinguished into two types, the informational social influence and normative social influence. The occurrence of social influence has implied to many real life events, which has drawn many researchers to attention. This has lead many researchers to design distinct experiments to try and un derstand the cause of the conformity, whether conformity is situation dependent, and whether we are able to resist social influences. The influence of others leads us to conform because we seeShow MoreRelatedConformity And Its Effect On Society Essay1436 Words   |  6 Pagesare away from home for the first time, take on many obstacles. Along with the difficulties of balancing academics, self care and missing home, students face immense pressures from their peers. Conformity is the alteration of a behavior due to the influence of others, regardless of if their presence is real or imagined. 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An Analysis of Macroeconomic Factors on Australian Economy

Question: Describe about An Analysis of Macroeconomic Factors on Australian Economy. Answer: Introduction: Macroeconomic analysis is important because with the help of this the state of a region, country or a single factor can be assessed. The macroeconomic factors such as GDP, inflation rate, unemployment etc. roughly address the financial state of a country (Australia Government, 2016). The aim of this report is to identify the current state and of the Australian economy. In order to evaluate the current state and the support of the management, few macroeconomic factors are to be analysed. Mainly four factors such that GDP, unemployment, trade and inflation rates have to be evaluated here (Trading Economics, 2016). The trend of this economic factors for past 10 years will be observed and analysed in order to evaluate the present economic state of the country. For the past few decades, Australian federal government and RBA have implemented few policies which may address the current situation of the economy. This report may help to assess and evaluate the current economic situation. Economic Indicators and their trends: Economic indicators are important and their trend supports to interpret a countrys economic state. The main four indicators such as economic growth or GDP, trade, inflation rate and unemployment are the most important to justify a nations economic state (Aust. Bureau of Statistics, 1954). The government has targeted to achieve a huge economic growth during this span. The rules and measurements had been adjusted to achieve the expected outcome but however, due to some economic obstacles, the nation could not reach, though. However, the venture was not a whole flop but yes few areas could have been emphasized more. Economic Growth or GDP: GDP or Gross Domestic Product is the widest quantifiable measure by which a countrys total economic activity can be calculated. More precisely, GDP or the Gross Domestic Product signifies the economic value of all assets and services generated within a nation's geographic boundaries over a particular time period. A high amount of GDP reflects the growth of the country and the lower amount of GDP reflects a weak economic state (Hubbard O'Brien, 2013). Now in order to evaluate the economic state of Australia for present days, the GDP valuation for the past few years can be assessed. From the following graph, the GDP trend of Australia can be assessed. The graph says that the GDP growth of Australia has been fluctuating severely for past ten years. In the year 2005-2006 it was stable but suddenly in 2007 the GDP growth had increased hugely (Blagrove, et al., 2016). Again from the years 2008, the GDP growth of Australia can be seen declining. A major reason behind that is the great recession or global financial crisis which had initiated by the Lehman Brothers breakdown in the UK. Nevertheless, the GDP growth has started recovering after 2011. The following scenario states that the present economic growth of the country is improving day by day and a significant economic development in future is identified (IMF, 2009). Inflation Rate: Inflation can be defined as the sustainable increase in the price level of the products and the services. It is calculated on a yearly basis or annual percentage basis. Inflation results in increasing the daily expenses of the people. Increasing rate of inflation is a significant drawback for an economy. A high rate of inflation may affect the GDP growth of a country. Global crisis or recession actually influence the inflation to increase. The following graph shows the inflationary state of the Australian Economy (Krugman Wells, 2013). It is clear from the scenario that the present inflation rate of Australia is low which indicates that the economic state of the country appreciable. During the great recession in 2014, the inflation rate was the highest. The graph states that during 2008-2012 the economic situation of the country had started falling but again it has recovered during 2014-2015. Considering the trend of the inflation rate from the following figure is considered to be stable or will be decreasing for the new two years (Trading Economics, 2016). Unemployment Rate: Unemployment is an obstacle for an economy. It makes an economy poorer, increases poverty and decreases the economic growth. As the time has passed, the Australia has been developing over the years. Theoretically speaking, the achievement of past five years is considerably high and one of the significant change is its decreasing rate of unemployment. Unemployment is a state when people who are without work desperately seek for paid work. However, the below graph is a bit contradictory with statement proposed (Austrade Government of Australia, 2015). Though the increasing rate of unemployment in Australia is not much higher but, the rate is slightly increasing. Cyclical unemployment is the most common according to the survey. However, it has been noticed that the unemployment definition in Australia much differs from other nations. From that point of view, the long-term unemployment in Australia has been decreasing over the years (Hubbard O'Brien, 2013). Trade: In terms of the balance of trade, a huge trade deficit has been observed during this duration of past ten years. In 2016, it is estimated that the exports rose to 3% whereas the trade deficit has increased and fluctuated towards downturn randomly. Few foreign affairs have been considered to be responsible for this scenario (Jha, 2008). Besides, some recent economic changes are also considered to as important for this deficit. Survey claims that the insufficient funds are another reason behind this business gap. Recently, from 2014, the oil price has been declining hugely. Though, the Australia is not a major participant of oil business but oil price fluctuations affect severely in some business sector of the country (White, 2009). This trade gap in the Australian economy is considered as the significant reason behind the fluctuation of all other economic deflators. A nation like Australia earns huge from the international trade and business. Due to this gap, the GDP of the economy has been affected and unemployment has risen. However, considering these changes in mind the government has to tighten some major macroeconomic policies in order to address these issues (Dwyer, et al., 1990). Current Macroeconomics Policy and their effectiveness: The government had decided to achieve higher economic growth, a stable balance of trade, unemployment problem to be decreased and inflation rate to be controlled. When the government became fails to achieve these expected goals then it has implemented few macroeconomic measurements (Blagrove, et al., 2016). The RBA has used short-term interest rates as its operating instruments in order to implement monetary policy (White, 2009). The monetary policy is generally implemented in order to make a huge economic growth, stability in the balance of payment and to achieve the full employment level. However, from the above analysis, it is observed that neither of the ones has been achieved satisfactorily by the Australia after the policy implementation by the RBA. The economic growth has successfully reached very near to the expected outcome because it is seen in fig 1 that GDP growth of Australia has been increased over the years (IMF, 2009). Simultaneously, the unemployment level has been increased whereas according to the policy the employment level should have increased. On the other hand, it is researched that though the trade gap was high but it has decreased very recently (Leijonhufvud, 2000). Fiscal policy is effective in order to control inflation and the unemployment rate. The federal government has agreed that the 6.5% increase in the unemployment rate in Australia can be accepted. According to the RBA, the fiscal policies have been considered as failed instrument to control the economic doldrums in Australia (Terra, 2015). They have accepted that the fiscal policy might decrease the level of unemployment and can provide future long-term affluence if it would have been invested in human capital such that education, etc. and public infrastructure. Secondly, the lower level of fiscal deficits is consciously damaging the economic growth of the country (Maiden, 2016). The fiscal policy was not at effective whereas the monetary policies had done a little of the expectation. The RBA has stated that these chaos has occurred because some wrong decisions were made from their end too and economic situations were there (The Economist, 2015). Conclusion and Recommendations: After this detailed research, few interpretations can be made. The Australian economic has faced its worst for the past few years but again it has picked its motion since 2015. The RBA has implemented few policies in order to improve the situation. A higher growth can be expected in next five years. The unemployment rate is expected to be decreased in this span too and the inflation rate will also be controlled. With the help of FDI, the Australia is expecting a grand comeback in the international market. This achievement cannot be done until and unless the macroeconomic policies are implemented properly. The trade deficit should be controlled very tactfully and scope of employment should be increased. The RBA should monitor the economic scenario time to time and spot decisions should be taken for any measurements. References: Aust. Bureau of Statistics, 1954. Year Book Australia, 1990 No. 73. Australia: Aust. Bureau of Statistics. Austrade Government of Australia, 2015. AUSTRALIAN AEROSPACE INDUSTRY CAPABILITY DIRECTORY. [Online] Available at: https://www.aviationaerospace.org.au/airmail-article/australian-aerospace-industry-capability-directory/ [Accessed 23 04 2016]. Australia Government, 2016. Fair Work Commission. [Online] Available at: https://www.australia.gov.au/directories/australia/fwc [Accessed 19 07 2016]. Blagrove, S., Hundloe, T. Ditton, H., 2016. Australia's Role in Feeding the World: The Future of Australian Agriculture. Australia: Csiro Publishing. Dwyer, L., Forsyth, P. Findlay, C., 1990. Japanese investment in the Australian tourism industry: a framework for assessing impacts. Sydney: University of Western. Hubbard, R. O'Brien, A., 2013. Macroeconomics. Boston: Pearson.. Boston: Pearson. IMF, 2009. Macroeconomic Fundamentals, Price Discovery and Volatility Dynamics in Emerging Markets. US: International Monetary Fund. Jha, R., 2008. Contemporary Macroeconomic Theory and Policy. Kolkata: New Age International. Krugman, P. Wells, R., 2013. Macroeconomics.. New York, NY: Worth Publishers. Leijonhufvud, A., 2000. Macroeconomic Instability and Coordination: Selected Essays of Axel Leijonhufvud. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. Maiden, M., 2016. Australian growth. [Online] Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/comment-and-analysis/theres-a-flaw-in-australias-economic-growth-report-20160302-gn8q8w.html [Accessed 27 5 2016]. Terra, C., 2015. Principles of International Finance and Open Economy Macroeconomics: Theories, Applications, and Policies. Cambridge: Academic Press. The Economist, 2015. The causes and consequences of China's market crash. [Online] Available at: https://www.economist.com/news/business-and-finance/21662092-china-sneezing-rest-world-rightly-nervous-causes-and-consequences-chinas Trading Economics, 2016. GDP Per Capita. [Online] Available at: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/japan/gdp-per-capita [Accessed 21 04 2016]. Trading Economics, 2016. tradingeconomics. [Online] Available at: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/ [Accessed 31 05 2016]. White, M., 2009. Australian Offshore Laws. Australia: Federation Press.

Who is to blame in “Romeo and Juliet” Essay Example

Who is to blame in â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† Essay Romeo and Juliet, one of the famous works of Williams Shakespeare is a play with the theme centering around a romantic tragedy about two young lovers. The focus is on the events that led to the meeting of the two lovers and the plot that culminated in the tragic death of both lovers. This unfortunate event has been blamed on some characters in the play. Each one of the characters had their role to play in the tragedy. However, I believe that Romeo played a significant part in the whole plot as a whole. Firstly, I guess the youthful exuberance caught up with him because he was always hasty to act in most circumstances. Moreover, it could also be attributed to his situation, it is often said that love is blind so his emotions also took a toll on his action. His emotion beclouded his thoughts. He was not acting from his ‘head’; it was from his heart. Also, there is an element of selfishness in his actions since he was always pursuing. We will write a custom essay sample on Who is to blame in â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Who is to blame in â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Who is to blame in â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To buttress these points, it would be seen that Romeo acted too hastily in asking her to marry him. If he had taken some time out to think about the consequences of his actions, knowing fully well that Juliet was engaged and also that both their families did not go along well he could have waited for a little more time. He could have avoided his own death if he had tried to find out if Juliet was really dead or not.   All these point to the spontaneity with which he acts and also the rashness of many of his decisions. Moreover, his action when he killed Tybalt, and later Paris, were aimed towards personal gratification. It could not have been out of love. If he had been thinking of the love he had for Juliet, he would not have carried out these violent acts. In conclusion, Romeo was just a victim of fate as all the ill-fated events had already been foretold. However, his actions fuelled the fire as it eventually led to the death of both he, and his lover. Romeo definitely is more guilty than all other actors in the play as his actions had the greatest effect on the plot of the play.