Script Footnote to Youth

TITLE: Pneumonia Most Common Infection After Heart Surgery DATE: Nov. 30 , 2011 SOURCE: http://www. sciencedaily. com/news/ The study also revealed that most infections occur about two weeks after surgery, not one week as physicians previously thought. â€Å"It's not what we expected to find,† said Michael A. Acker, M. D. , the study's lead researcher and professor and chief of cardiovascular surgery at the University of Pennsylvania Medical Center in Philadelphia, Pa. In abstract 12247, researchers analyzed more than 5,100 patients in a heart surgery registry. Patients, average age 64, were treated at nine U. S. academic medical centers and one Canadian center. The median time to major infection was 14 days after heart surgeries. Forty-three percent of all major infections occurred after hospital discharge. â€Å"Half of these patients had no evidence of infection before they were discharged from the hospital,† Acker said. â€Å"Then they had to return because of the new infection. One implication is that patients must be followed more closely after discharge. In this study, which excluded patients who were infected before surgery, researchers found 761 infections: 300 were classified as major infections (occurring in 6 percent of patients) and 461 were minor (in 8. 1 percent of patients). Of the major infections: * Pneumonia, infection of the lungs, occurred in 2. 4 percent of all patients. * C. difficile colitis, an intestinal infection, occurred in 1. 0 percent. * Bloodstream infections occurred in 1. 1 percent. * Deep-incision surgical site infections occurred in 0. percent. Minor infections included urinary tract and superficial incision site infections. The most commonly performed procedures were isolated coronary artery bypass graft and aortic and mitral valve surgeries. Seventy-four percent were elective surgeries and 26 percent were non-elective or emergency surgeries. Several risk factors appeared to increase the risk of developing infection, including congestive heart failure, hypertension, chronic lung disease, corticosteroid use prior to surgery, and length of cardiopulmonary bypass time. In the next level of analysis, the focus will be on differences in care, from the types of dressings, the types of antibiotics, and the types of surgical preparations, to show what processes of care are associated with decreased incidence of infections,† Acker said. â€Å"The registry will allow us to modify our best practices to manage post-operative infections. † The National Heart, Lung, and Bloo d Institute, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and Canadian Institutes of Health Research funded the study. Skin preparation reduces cardiac implantable device infections In another study (abstract 10041), special skin preparations for 3,700 patients significantly reduced infections from cardiac implantable electronic devices. Researchers at a Milwaukee hospital washed patients' skin with a special antibacterial solution the night before and morning of the procedure. They also included a strict three-minute drying time for the surgical skin preparation. These steps decreased implant infection rates from 1 percent to 0. 24 percent at a year following the implant placement. More staphylococcal bacterial infections are occurring after implantation procedures, said Renee Koeberl, R. N. , M. S. N. , lead author of the study. Co-authors are Mohamed S. Rahman, M. D. ; Rachel Pedersen, B. A. ; Jasbir Sra, M. D. ; Masood Akhtar, M. D. and M. Eyman Mortada, M. D REACTION: — Pneumonia — not a deep incision surgical site infection — is the most common serious infection after heart surgery, according to new research presented at the American Heart Association's Scientific Sessions 2011. So we need to be aware and curious to everything around us, to secure our good health.

Mother and Honesty

Shu Kitamura Mr Bell AP Lang 14 March 2013 Escaping The Pain I believe in honesty. I believe that a man should never lie; any human being, regardless of what situation he or she is in, should never lie. Honesty is the core of trust. Without being honest, one cannot be trusted. Because of the corruption that lies within our souls, there is not a single person in this world who has never lied. Honesty is the noble act in which one must be truthful to his or her actions when the moment calls for it.Most people will find it hard to distinguish the moment, but being honest should be the priority. Honesty is an action that is free from all kinds of evil motives. There are times when parents lie to their children. I remember growing up believing that Santa Claus, the Tooth Fairy, and all those other imaginary things were real. Lies like that are hard to confess to, especially to little children who dream about what they are getting for Christmas. That innocence does not allow us to confess to these fantasies. But there needs to be a time when a parent must be honest.I remember when my father told me that the tooth fairy did not exist. He sat down with me and said â€Å"Shu, the Tooth Fairy isn’t real. Your Mum has been the fairy. † The rest of the day I was in shock. The many dollars that accumulated have all been my mother’s money. It was not until after a few years did I realise why my father told me. It was so that I could grow from a baby to a boy. My whole life of fantasies was a lie. But it was to protect me. I realised that it was only a matter of time before I knew that Santa Claus was not real.My father took responsibility and told me the truth. That is honesty. There are exceptions to when people have to lie to protect other people like children. It was to preserve a sense of innocence that would eventually die out. But in a sense, it was a lie. In addition to these little situations, there are many more problems out there. For example I shmael Beah was lied to so he could join the army and fight against the Rebels. The generals took advantage of the fear and innocence that he had and turned him into a killing machine.As his life progresses, he becomes more and more brainwashed as the generals feed him with fallacies and hatred. Once he was retired from the battlefield, he attended a rehabilitation centre for the war- torn children. Soon he was fed the truth and he was rescued. He could now see the world through his very own eyes. He believed that every child was lied to and that it was his mission to save others from these lies. Beah and I were both lied to yet the outcome was the same as we both lived in a fantasy. And once the truth was exposed, he was saved and I matured.Honesty and the truth is the same thing, as both words intertwine in meaning and value. It is a valuable virtue that should be present among all people. When everyone in this world is honest, the world becomes honest and it becomes the â€Å"id eal† or â€Å"perfect† society. And so, people should practice honesty everyday whenever possible, so that an honest world can be built for ourselves and for future generations. I believe that one day, the world will unite as a whole with no pain and suffering. I believe in honesty.

IS Security Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

IS Security - Essay Example Therefore, manufacturers have come up with security systems that protect the operating system and application from attackers, but this system do not ensure 100 percent security guarantee. However, those produced for operating system are proving more effective than those developed for application due to various factors addressed in this paper. This has made most people come to a conclusion that there is less attention to applications compared to the operating system, which is not the case. Why a good level of security is achieved in operating systems than applications The frequent patching and updating of operating system limits the chances of attackers from attacking the system. On the contrary, it appears that operating systems get more attention than applications. This section provides information on why there is a perception that operating systems have higher levels of security than applications. ... On2 the same note, other types of threats that should be considered are interceptions, modification, fabrication and interruptions, which are similar to the threats experienced in computer applications.2 Applications run on the operating systems. Therefore, it is easy for an attacker to use the application file or vulnerability to attack the operating system either through one application or by infecting other applications. This enables the user or system administrator to detect the attack before affecting the operating system, hence the misconception that security threats are more prevalent in applications than operating systems. One difference between operating system security issue and application is file permissions. An example of this is when an application misunderstands the semantics of an operating system file or totally omits a check. This problem does not occur in operating systems; this stems from the fact that any attempt to open a given file will prompt a permission chec k as the file permissions link to individual files.2 On the other hand, some operating systems mechanisms result to complex security issues for the applications used today. Operating systems are not flexible in offering support, resulting to a compromised security issue. An example of such operating system is that of UNIX, which violates some privileges by only supporting a two level privilege that includes root and user. To limit these 3limitations, it introduces â€Å"set user id†, â€Å"set group id† and â€Å"chroot (2)† that are particularly limiting and inadequate. These applications aim to become responsible for granting permissions, accepting requests, and managing resources, which

Women's Right to Contraceptives Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Women's Right to Contraceptives - Research Paper Example Their core argument entails, â€Å"no regime has the right to dictate what women should do in their privacy† (Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations). However, numerous states globally have intruded into the privacy of the female gender despite advocating for a person’s autonomy and privacy. For instance, in US Universalist Association of Congregations -UUA has observed how the judicial system overturned the contraceptive issue despite having full information regarding women’s sufferings. This is regardless of its mandate of safeguarding people’s rights. Currently, debates concerning women’s freedom over their bodies have not ceased though compared to the past; pioneers have made some significant tremendous steps. These encompass legalization of abortion and to some extent women allowed to use contraceptives except by a few religious groups like Catholics. States’ regimes and diverse religions that update resent the issue of wome n using contraceptives ought to change by granting women to enjoy their reproductive rights (Sanger). This is because no one understands better what woman experiences in her life except herself. Studies have shown how repressive laws and religious teachings governing women reproductive rights in the past have dehumanized the female gender (Unitarian Universalist Association of Congregations). This is especially during unwanted or multiple pregnancies where some women due to unfavorable conditions they face, result to aborting in dark alleys and streets. Hence, this risks their lives because they usually carry abortion both in private and poor conditions (Sanger). Conversely, things have at least improved where the relevant authorities have pushed for enacting and recognition of women reproductive rights especially by the states’ regimes. Religions especially Catholic has vehemently rejected the pioneers’ call for allowing its congregation to use contraceptives citing t hat, the norm is against their teachings.  

Case Study about Group Financiero Inverlat byDaniel D Campbell

About Group Financiero Inverlat byDaniel D Campbell - Case Study Example Mexico is a largely Spanish country while Canadians speak English. It is thus problematic for the Canadian managers to understand the Spanish language. Consequently, the Mexicans have problems with the English language. As a result, it is hard to understand one another on key aspects of the business. The use of interpreters reduces the interpersonal relationships that managers are supposed to have in order to address the challenges facing the company. Another intercultural communication problem is that Mexican managers believe in a non-formal way of business communication. The problem is manifested by the fact that Mexican managers feel humiliated when Canadian managers give strict business instructions. As opposed to the Mexican style, Canadian managers follow a strict protocol that guide all business processes. One of the business activities that require a revamp in communication is meetings. The Mexican culture is that managers had the leeway to walk around and consult verbally during the meeting. Before the takeover, Mexicans rarely communicated precisely on a problem that had been caused by their fellow manager. Indeed, they do not take criticisms lightly. Further, it is not their culture to criticize a manager in front of other managers and employees. However, the Canadian business culture allows these criticisms and prioritize the interest of the business. As noted above, the new BNS management needs the local management team to understand the Mexican business. However, the Mexican managers seem discontented and uncomfortable with the Canadian management style. One of the issues that triggers discomfort was communication. The Canadian and Mexican managers speak different languages and hence it is difficult to understand one another. As a result, the Mexican managers are rarely consulted on major decisions made by the Canadian section. Another issue bringing discontent is the lack of job security. The BNS brought in senior managers from Canada

Strategic Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 2

Strategic Management - Essay Example Based on the industrial analysis, it presents which the position in the industrial life cycle in which it belongs. Focusing on the opportunities and threats emerging from the industry analysis and the present position in the industrial life cycle where it belongs, the project makes an analysis of the future outlook of the company. It presents the future strategies that the company should resort to. Secondly, it makes a competitive analysis of the industry also. This is done using the Porters’ Forces Model which emphasizes on the factors like the suppliers and the buyers bargaining powers, the threat of new entrants, the entry of substitute products and services in the industry and the existing competition between the rival firms. About the Company HSBC is considered one of the largest financial and banking services providers in the world. The company’s international network is comprised of 7500 offices across 87 nations in Europe, Asia Pacific, America, Middle East and Africa. The company serves more than 100 million customers through its wide range of financial services. Among its major services are Commercial Banking, Personal Financial Services, Global Banking and markets and finally, Private Banking. It is listed in the stock exchanges of London, Paris, New York, Hong Kong, and Bermuda. The company holdings are shared among 220,000 numbers of shareholders across the world located in 124 nations and their territories (HSBC-a, 2011). The company has a unique international pedigree. A number of HSBC’s companies had started operations years ago and they have all attained extreme success and prosperity. The company is named after the founding member, Hong Kong and Shanghai Corporation Limited which was set up in the year 1965 for financing the upcoming trade between Europe and China (HSBC-a, 2011). Industry Analysis The global financial industry including banks suffered a major setback after the advent of the financial crisis that engulfed t he entire financial markets. After a period of continuous slowdown the banking industry is expected to witness positive growth rates following improvements in the overall macroeconomic outlook of the world. This was mainly possible because of the strong support provided by the governments to bailout the financial institutions who were on the brink of a severe crisis. A study by the Boston Consulting group pegs the total value of market capitalisation of the global banking industry at 6.4 trillion US dollars which is more than double of the figures of the previous years. The total shareholder returns offered by the banking industry was at its highest since the onset of global recession in 2003 and as valued at 47.1 percent (The Boston Consulting Group, 2010, p.1-2). Figure 1: World Economic Outlook Projections (Source: Reserve Bank of India, 2011, p.17) The figure above indicates a strong positive outlook for the forthcoming years. The interesting part of this is that along with the developing economies the positive trend can also be traced to the developed economies who bore the maximum brunt of the economic recession (Reserve Bank of India, 2011, p.15-20). The analysis of the markets reveals a situation of

Alternative Media Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Alternative Media Analysis - Essay Example The analysis would cover the message, the message maker, the interpretation and finally, a concluding portion. The Message The video clips are shown through YouTube and the messages that were imparted by the visuals are repeatedly promoting the fair and balanced reporting at Fox News. Apparently, there are various former fox employees who were interviewed and recorded that attest that at Fox News, they were given internal memos usually at the start of the day indicating what to talk about, what not to talk about and how to deliver the report and the job of the reporter is to execute the plan. These people disclosed that Fox News is merely a proponent of a point of view (YouTube). Ironically, the first part of the video visualized words that relayed the message: â€Å"your mind is controlled by the rich who owns America’s media† (YouTube). The first testimonial was delivered by Bob McChesney, Founder of Free Press and author of â€Å"The Problem of the Media† clea rly argued that â€Å"the revolutionary breakthrough with the Fox News is eliminative broadcasting† (YouTube). ... America has acknowledged that there are in fact â€Å"false, distorted, caricaturing† of information that are repeatedly broadcasted to form images in the public’s mind. The last message delivered by Roger Ailes, Fox News CEO and Chairman states that they are â€Å"premier journalists who aim to restore objectivity, deemed to be lacking†¦ and their objective is to present fine, balanced journalism† (YouTube). The Message Maker The video clips were uploaded through YouTube, revealed to be â€Å"founded in 2005 by Chad Hurley, Steve Chen and Jawed Karim, who were all early employees of PayPal. YouTube is the leader in online video, sharing original videos worldwide through a Web experience† (TechCrunch par. 1). It has been acquired by the search engine Google, â€Å"serving more than two billion videos a day, it has become the clear leader in online video sharing† (Hoover's Inc. 1). Compared with Fox News, the information and contents shown and u ploaded at YouTube appear to be more objective showing details as viewers deem them necessary to be revealed in their entirety as possible through their respective software capabilities. The News Fox video clips were uploaded by The Great Revolt, where information profile check only indicates the name of the creator as a certain Justin from the United States and joined the site in April 14, 2008. Interpretation Honestly, one is disappointed and disgusted with the contents of the video – if indeed, the contentions were true. A quick search on their official website indicates that Fox News Channel provides â€Å"a 24-hour all-encompassing news service devoted to delivering fair and balanced coverage of the day’s news events† (News Corporation 1). This validates the visual communication found in the video clips where the words

Lean Learn Outcome Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lean Learn Outcome - Assignment Example The case reports that the scrape rate for each operation stands at 10%. Hence, this is a crucial source of waste in the case study. Over processing involves the extra operations such as reprocessing or rework on products mainly due to the fact that there are defects. To the case study, this is also a potential source of waste as at any time the effects of defects can be experienced (Palevich, 2012). Transport waste refers to the unnecessary movement of production materials from one place to another. It is an existing source of waste in the case. This is because the employees at the company usually have to transfer raw materials from one point to another in the company (Palevich, 2012). This entails the inactivity periods that a company experiences in a downstream process. It usually occurs because of untimely delivery of output by an upstream activity. As seen in the case study, this is an existing source of waste particularly in delivering goods to customers (Palevich, 2012). This refers to the under utilization of employee capabilities. It also includes delegation of tasks while employees have undergone inadequate training. As indicated in the case study, the annual employee turnover stands at only 25%. Thus, skills is an existing source of waste in the case (Palevich, 2012). b) For one or more of the sources of waste identified in part a) write a one paragraph description of what you would do as Operations Manager to reduce or eliminate this waste. It consequently results into excessive production of products along with excess costs for inventory carrying. As the operations manager, I would apply a well-organized approach towards reduction and elimination of skills as a source of waste. As indicated earlier, waste in skills is experienced due to under utilization of employee capabilities. It is also caused by inadequate training of employees and yet delegating tasks to them. On this regard, I will begin by coming up with a clear outline of the tasks

American Memory of Holocaust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American Memory of Holocaust - Essay Example In the first decades after the war, Holocaust was quite trivial in both the American and the Jews consciousness (Novick, 1994). Many scholars suggest that the Holocaust awareness by most Americans was based on inaccurate, trivial, and vague representations. The Jews extermination was remembered in important ways such as through the Nuremberg trials, Second World War accounts, comparisons with the Soviet totalitarianism, philosophical works, Jewish and Christian reflections in theology, mass-media portrayals, and scholarly pioneering publications. These attempts in the postwar period to understand the Jewish tragedy in the prevailing cultural paradigms offered the foundation for the consequent comprehension of that event (Baron, 2003). In the late 1960s and 1970s, American memory of the Holocaust moved to a central position. The curve of memory slope may differ, but it is not steadily downward. The most vivid memory is the immediate aftermath of the Holocaust events that declined with the passage of time. With the Holocaust, it has been apparent social amnesia, virtual silence for an entire generation, then, the Rostovian move into self-sustained growth in the late 1960s and 1970s. For close to 20 years after the Second World War, Holocaust was largely ignored, and today, it is elaborated in the repression language. The Gentile guilt and the Jewish agony were too huge to be confronted. The very silence is often viewed as a testimony of the amount of feeling/sentiment that was being repressed (Novick, 1994). It is important to note that Holocaust became important in the American Jewish life â€Å"only after the Eichmann trial, Israel’s 1967 triumph in the Six-Day War, and the surprise attack by Egypt and costly victory by Israel in the 1973 Yom Kippur War† (Baron, 2003, p62). 3.B. The comic book â€Å"Maus: A Survivor’s Tale (1986)† subtitled as â€Å"My Father Bleeds History† was written by Spiegelman. The comic book narrates two stories; one story is about Artie’s current relationship with Vladek (his father) in Queens, New York. The other story is about the experiences of his parents during the occupation of Nazi in Poland. The text is preoccupied by the question of how Artie (or any other individual in the second generation) can come to possess their parents’ experiences, experiences they never witnessed. Towards the culmination of the first volume, Vladek and Artie are walking when Vladek bends over a trash container and takes an old piece of wire (Landsberg, 1997). Artie asks Vladek why he picked up the wire, Vladek responds by saying that inside the wire are other little wires, and they are good for trying things. Infuriated, Arties asks his father why he always picks up trash and why he cannot buy his own wires. Vladek responds by saying that why one has to buy if he can find some, and that the wires cannot be found in stores. He goes on to tell him that the wires he has picked are very useful. This scene involving Artie and Vladek functions as the metaphor for what the text itself does. The wire recirculation becomes an allegory for the Holocaust recirculation through a different medium. In this case, the recirculation is done by a comic book and this indicates that when the narrative is put into a different medium, new possibilities, and new insights appear (Landsberg, 1997). In this representation, the main theme is recirculation of the Holocaust. The recirculation of the wire serves as a metaphor for the potential value of the Holocaust in the American nation. It becomes a means

Net Income is defined as the total income Essay Example for Free

Net Income is defined as the total income Essay Net Income is defined as the total income of the company after all the expenses and other costs from their total revenue. The level of Net Income is very important for the managers since it is the one that will be divided into the shareholders of the company. The higher the net income, the greater would be the capital gains that stockholder would receive. There are instances that even though the company has high revenue, its net income still remains low due to the higher level of spending or costs. Answer B Legally based, White’s plan is acceptable since theoretically his strategy complies with the available accounting principles. Only that, he was able to play these principles on his hands in order to make their company look profitable based from their records. Ethically based, well of course White’s strategy is not ethical since he would trick the bank by virtually making Best Bike complying with their terms and agreement. Best Bike is profitable on the sheets of account but not in reality. Based from the definition of FASB on revenue, I think that the idea of revenue of Mr. White does not comply with the definition of the revenue of FASB. According to the definition of FASB, revenue is recognized when assets are created or liabilities are extinguished (FASB, 2005). Mr. White was not able to seclude the liabilities on their revenue. By allowing his friends and families to make credit purchases and eventually returning the bike to the company after two months would just mean that assets â€Å"virtually† increased by the months November and December and on reality sense it is not the way it is since that raise in the assets of Best Bike was just â€Å"artificial† due to the fact that friends and family of Mr. White do not have the intention of paying the bikes that they purchased on credit. As a consequence, in the long run, Best Bike would suffer on major inventory surplus, and if Mr. White was not able to find long term solution to their problem, probably they would incur large amount of losses due to the sluggish turnover of Best Bike’s inventories. Answer C In order for Best Bike to Increase their net income, first, they should be able to find ways in cutting their costs of producing a unit of bike. With this, they would now subtract fewer expenses on their total revenue. Another way by which Best Bike could improve their net income would be through cutting their average number of days for inventory turns over. With this, sales would eventually increase giving way for the revenue of the company to increase. Lastly, Best Bike’s bad debts in 19X7 as compared to the previous year have decreased. With this, expenses of Best Bike will decrease making the net income of the company to increase since there would be fewer expenses that will be deducted to the total revenue, assuming that the total revenue is constant. Answer D I think Best Bike would face a problem regarding their cash flow since they have a lot of collectible from their customers and to make things worst, the time it take for the company to collect all the collectibles is about 98 days. That’s too long and would decrease the cash in hand that the company could use to finance its other operation. Furthermore, inventory turn over of the company is in not good condition. They inventories have to take 130 days before they were all sold to the market. Being able to sell this inventory on a shorter period would mean that they could easily turn their Bikes easily into cash. It is just tantamount to increasing the sales of the company since there would be no bikes to stock in the warehouses if the sales turnover of the company is high.

Detection and Classification of Leukaemia Cells

Detection and Classification of Leukaemia Cells Leukemia is one of the many types of cancers. Leukemia is caused in the white blood cells near the bone marrow region of our body. In this the WBCs which get infected turns blue. Like any other cancer in this also the cell divides itself at the faster pace. Most human cancers are characterized by the aberrant expression of normal and/or mutated genes, and natural selection acts on cancer cells to cause a loss of growth control, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Even when it is not required they multiply causing a tumor. Detected and treated at an early stage of leukemia saves a lot of lives. The aim of this research is to automate the detection of leukemia cells. In the scientific language, the leukemia cells are known as the blast cells. There are two types of acute leukemia, Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) and Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML). This thesis focuses on Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). Generally, the process of detection and classification is done manually taki ng up to five days. The motivation behind this research is to improve the diagnostic process by automating it and reducing its time span to five days to few hours. Nowadays, medical imaging is one of the fastest growing fields in medicine, clinical settings and research and development (RD). Image processing in medical field is becoming a subject of prime focus due to its tremendous potential for the public health sector and the scientific community in general. In particular, imaging applications are emerging as a new opportunity as an innovation at the meeting point between medicine and the computer science. Many software and research groups focus on the development of image processing applications for medical images, for example to improve low resolution photographic images and produce effective high quality images. There is no terrifying disease than cancer nowadays. It is often seen as untreatable, un curable and a very painful disease. Leukemia detection helps in detecting blood cancer using two basic modules of image processing i.e. Image segmentation and feature extraction. After these two modules, we use two techniques of neural network i.e. feed forward network and RBFNN for the detection purposes. We compare the accuracy percentage in both of them. The technique with best accuracy percentage is recorded as the more efficient technique. More than 310,000 Americans are living with leukemia. Every day 143 Americansare detectedwith leukemia and 66 lose the fight. [23] A brief overview of leukemia and a conceptual analysis of the main methods used for the detection and classification of leukemia cells facilitating Artificial Intelligence, Cellular Automata and Neural Networks are discussed below. Cancer has become a data-intensive range of investigation, with growing amount of changes in data collection technologies and methodologies. In 1895, Wilhelm Roentgen discovered that X-ray tubes, utilized widely for imaging bones and then for giving a variety of circumstances. The technicians who ran the radiograph machines and many exposed patients were found with skin tumors and leukemia. Accurate diagnosis and sorting of blast cells is an tremendously valuable necessity for the detailed diagnosis of leukemia and has a optimistic impact on treatment and prognosis. BLOOD Blood is important part of human life. An average human body is around 70 liters of liquid from which five liters is blood. Biologically, blood is vital for preserving homeostasis that is keeping the body’s position stable. This discusses to hydration, temperature regulation and ion concentration. a) Transfer of nutrients from the digestive system to wholly parts of the body. b) Transportation of oxygen from the lungs to all parts of a body. c) Transportation of carbon dioxide from all parts of the body to the lungs. d) Transportation of waste products from cells to the external environment, especially via the kidneys. e) Keeping an ongoing discussion of it is mechanisms with tissue fluids and keeping electrolyte balance. f) Defending the body against attack from foreign viruses through the white blood cells and antibodies. g) Shielding the body against injury or illness using the provocative response. h) Preventing serious hemorrhage by the clotting process. Blood has four main fundamentals to ensure it fulfills its functions, shown in Table 1.1 Table 1.1 (a): Major elements of Blood (Red blood cells, White blood cells, Platelets). Table 1.1(b): Major elements of Blood (Plasma). 1.1.2 WHITE BLOOD CELLS A white blood cell is superior to a red blood cell. White blood cell arrangement and concentration in the blood gives appreciated information and plays a crucial role in the diagnosis of different diseases. White blood cells fall into five categories: Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, Monocyte and Lymphocyte, shown in the Table 1.2. These cells afford the greatest defense against infections, and their discrete concentrations can help authorities to distinguish between the presences or not of severe pathologies. Types of blood cells are discussed in the following table Table 1.2 : White Blood Cells (Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, monocyte, lymphocyte) 1.1.3 TYPES OF LEUKEMIA Leukemia is a sickness of unidentified cause where the bone marrow produces huge numbers of irregular cells white blood cells that stop increasing before maturity. There are four main types of leukemia, namely Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL), Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML), which is used as a case study in the thesis, Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL) and Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML). Most commonly, acute leukemia patients are discussed to specialist units for evaluation. Treatment is based on chemotherapy through the veins, lasting four to six months, which also kills normal body cells. Leukemia can be identified by blood tests while a bone marrow test assists to choose on the best choice of treatment. Table 1.3 includes the types of main leukemia. Table 1.3 : Types of Leukemia Table below shows the UK Leukemia case statistics for males and females in 2007, revealing that the survival rate has increased from 2001 to 2006. The diagnosis and the medical treatment have improved significantly as shown in Figure 2.1. Automated detecting can contribute to the early diagnosis of patients and survival rates are expected to increase in the future. Table 1.4: Leukemia cases in UK for 2007 Figure 1.1: Leukemia 10-year relative survival rates 1.1.4 FLOW CHART OF THE PEOPLE ADMITTED IN THE HOSPITAL Figure 1.2 shows the steps that are essential to be taken by a hematologist in order to identify a patient with acute leukemia. Table 1.5 provides a more thorough explanation of the individual steps in Figure 1.2 NO YES NOYES Table 1.5 : Analytical description of each step in Figure 1.2

Loyalty to ones king Essay example -- Poetry Poem essays research pape

â€Å"As soon as the Cid caught sight of the King he ordered all his men to halt†¦He knelt down on his hands and knees on the ground and with his teeth he pulled up a mouthful of grass. With tears of joy streaming from his eyes he showed in this way his complete submission to his liege lord, Alfonso.† What would cause a grown man to act in such a manner? The Cid was the ruler of Valencia, and the leader of thousands of soldiers. The Cid has defeated countless enemies and have been victorious in all his wars, he could have been almost thought of as a man without fear. Yet, as soon as he caught sight of the King who has exiled him from his land, he broke down and acted like an animal in front of the King. The ‘loyalty’ and ‘respect’ the Cid has for King Alfonso is the deepest between any characters in the entire poem. Although loyalty and respect is the deepest between the Cid and King Alfonso, there is also a great amount of loyalty and respect a mong different characters also. Such as the Cid and his loyal vassal Minaya, the Cid to his wife Don Jimena, his two daughters Dona Elvira and Dona Sol, and the Cid to his army. Loyalty and respect are very important themes that progresses stronger and stronger throughout the poem, loyalty can do good and bad to loved ones, but in this poem, it eventually led to conflicts with severe consequences.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Cid stayed loyal to King Alfonso throughout the entire poem. Never once did the Cid say anything bad or offensive towards the King. Although King Alfonso ostracized the Cid from his land, the Cid still respected the King and stayed loyal to him. The Cid was framed by Count Garcia Ordonez, Ordonez accused the Cid of greed. Ordonez told the King that the Cid kept money from him, which upset the King and eventually led to the Cid being exiled from the land. After being exiled, the Cid left the land with a small army and conquered numerous enemies and land.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Even though King Alfonso was the one who sent the Cid away, the Cid tried to regain the position he once had in King Alfonso’s heart. In trying to do so, the Cid sent â€Å"thirty horses, all saddled and bridled, with swords hanging from their saddlebows.† King Alfonso was pleasantly surprised by such an action. This again proves the amount of loyalty and respect the Cid has for King Alfonso. Not only does he still remain loyal to the King, he even sends a great porti... ...uno Gustioz will fight in the Cid’s honor against the Infantes of Carrion: Fernando, Ansur, and Diego Gonzalez. The Cid’s three knights volunteered themselves for the battle and were not picked by the Cid. This shows the amount of loyalty and respect the Cid’s knights has for the Cid. The Cid’s knights were proud to defend their lord’s honor. All three of the Cid’s knights were victorious in all of their duels, and brought honor to the Cid and his family.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Loyalty and respect is a continuing theme in the poem. As the poem progresses, the theme of loyalty and respect evidently grows stronger and stronger. The Cid would not be a successful leader if he did not display such loyalty and respect to his troops. The Cid remained loyal to his king and his troops which paid off. By remaining loyal and fighting alongside his troops, he has gained loyalty back from his troops. The Cid led by example. Loyalty and respect is most evident between King Alfonso and the Cid, there are also strong signs of loyalty between Cid’s family and his vassals. Throughout the poem, Loyalty and respect proved to be good in many ways, but it can also cause harm to your loved ones if it is blind loyalty.

The Benefits of Web Publishing :: Internet Online Communication Essays

The Benefits of Web Publishing Before the advent of the World Wide Web, the means to share opinions and ideas with others easily and inexpensively was limited to classroom, work, or social environments. Generating an advertisement or publication required a lot of expense. Today, businesses and individuals can convey information to millions of people by using Web pages. Web publishing is the process of developing and maintaining, and posting Web pages. With the proper hardware and software, Web publishing is fairly easy to accomplish. For example, clip galleries offer a variety of images, videos, and sounds.1[1] A sound card allows users to incorporate sounds into Web pages. With a microphone, a Web page can include voice. A digital camera provides a means to capture digital photographs. A scanner can convert existing photographs and other graphics into a digital format. A video capture card and a video camera can incorporate videos into Web pages. A video digitizer can capture still images from a video (Thrall and Winters 46-68). HTML (hypertext markup language) is a set of special codes used to format a file for use as a Web page. These codes, called tags, specify how the text and other elements on the Web page display in a Web browser and where the links on the page lead. A Web browser translates the document with the HTML tags into a functional Web page. Developing, or authoring, a Web page does not require the expertise of a computer programmer. Many work processing and other application software packages include Web page authoring features that assist in the development of basic Web pages. Microsoft Office 2000 products, for example, provide easy-to-use tools that enable users to create Web pages and incorporate items such as bullets, frames, backgrounds, lines, database tables, worksheets, and graphics into the Web pages (Shelly Cashman Series ® Microsoft Word 2000 Project 2). Web page authoring software packages enable the development of more sophisticated Web pages that might include video, sound, animation, and other special effects. Both new and experienced users can create fascinating Web sites with Web page authoring software.

Use of Computer Technology by Law Enforcement Officers :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Use of Computer Technology by Law Enforcement Officers When it comes to fighting crimes, computers are the most helpful source law enforcement and security officers have. They help track where a suspect could be, where they used to live, past jobs, past criminals record, etc, and they keep track of all criminals. Computers keep records of everything; for example: fingerprints, pictures, information about a suspect, etc. Security personnel use computer technology to help catch thieves, cheaters, embezzlers, and so on. Computer technology is very important in today’s society. Many businesses use computer surveillance to keep people from stealing from their businesses. Video camera’s almost always can catch people who are trying to shoplift, if a store did not use a video camera, the person trying to steal would more than likely get away with it ninety nine percent of the time. Computer’s also help in a way so that pictures can be printed off of a suspect and posted in many areas so that people will be aware of who they are to be looking for. If we did not have the printer today, no pictures of suspects would ever be posted, and many criminals would get off scot-free! Law enforcement use computer technology to keep track of convicts everyday. They keep on record the day someone was sent to prison, and they have on file the day they are supposed to be released. Also, computer technology helps the public be able to know if they have an ex-con living in their neighbor, all they have to do is look it up online for their area! If computer technology was not available, you could have a child molester living right next door, and not even know it! And to too me, that would be very scary! Law enforcement use computer technology to help match up fingerprints they have recovered from a recent crime scene. If there were no computer, the person who left the prints would never be found because law enforcement would not be able to link the prints to any one person. Today, police officers have little computers inside their vehicles so that if they so choose too, they can scan your license plate while driving behind you to see if you have a warrant out for your arrest, see if your

Coffee in the Philippines Essay

This Euromonitor market report provides market trend and market growth analysis of the Coffee industry in Philippines. With this market report, you’ll be able to explore in detail the changing shape and potential of the industry. You will now be able to plan and build strategy on real industry data and projections. The Coffee in Philippines market research report includes: Analysis of key supply-side and demand trends Detailed segmentation of international and local products Historic volumes and values, company and brand market shares Five year forecasts of market trends and market growth Robust and transparent market research methodology, conducted in-country Our market research reports answer questions such as: What is the market size of Coffee in Philippines? What are the major brands in Philippines? How significant is vending in coffee distribution? How does the increasing nuber of speciality coffee shops impact retail sales of coffee? What are the future prospects for instant 2-in-1 coffee, 3-in-1 coffee and 4-in-1 coffee? How are coffee pods performing in Philippines? Why buy this report? Gain competitive intelligence about market leaders Track key industry trends, opportunities and threats Inform your marketing, brand, strategy and market development, sales and supply functions This industry report originates from Passport, our Hot Drinks market research database. Each report is delivered with the following components: Report: PDF and Word Market statistics: Excel workbook SAMPLE ANALYSIS TRENDS Instant coffee mixes continued to gain popularity in both off-trade and on-trade channels in 2010. Rising demand for these products was due to the ease in preparation with minimal time involved, which is highly valued by.

Acg 4401

Review Questions ACG 4401 U01B Summer 2010NameMULTIPLE CHOICEChoose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.1) Which of the factors listed below is not a common factor for fraud? 1) _______A) rationalization for the crimeB) desire to get even with the employerC) opportunity to commit fraudD) pressure to commit fraud2) Misappropriation of assets can also be called 2) _______A) Fraudulent financial reportingB) Management fraudC) Employee fraudD) Computer fraud3)Which type of antivirus program is most effective in spotting an infection soon after it starts? 3) _______A) a virus detection programB) a virus protection programC) a virus identification programD) none of the above4) How can an organization reduce fraud losses? 4) _______A) require vacations and rotate dutiesB) maintain adequate insuranceC) encrypt data and programsD) use forensic accountants5) A ________ is similar to a ________, except that it is a program rather than a code segment hid den in a host program. 5) _______A) worm; virusB) worm; Trojan horseC) Trojan horse; wormD) virus; worm6) Which method of fraud is physical in its nature rather than electronic? 6) _______A) eavesdroppingB) crackingC) scavengingD) hacking7) The deceptive method by which a perpetrator gains access to the system by pretending to be an authorized user is called 7) _______A) masquerading.B) superzapping.C) hacking.D) cracking.8) Intentional or reckless conduct that results in materially misleading financial statements is called 8) _______A) financial fraud.B) misstatement fraud.C) audit failure fraud.D) fraudulent financial reporting.9) The potential dollar loss that could result if an unwanted event occurs is called a(n) 9) _______A) exposure.B) extraordinary loss.C) threat.D) risk.10) The likelihood that an adverse or unwanted event could occur is referred to as a(n) 10) ______A) threat.B) loss.C) risk.D) exposure.11) Which of the following federal laws incorporated the language of th e AICPA about controls into a law applying to all registered companies? 11) ______A) Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977B) The Securities Act of 1933C) Federal Corruption Prevention Act of 1987D) The Securities Exchange Act of 193412) Personnel policies such as background checks, mandatory vacations, and rotation of duties tend to deter 12) ______A) fraud by outsidersB) unintentional errorsC) employee fraud or embezzlementD) payroll irregularities13) Chuck Hewitt was relaxing after work with a colleague at a local watering hole. Well into his second martini, he began expressing his opinion about government regulation. It seems that, as a result of â€Å"government interference† the company's longstanding policy of making low-interest loans to top management was being terminated. The regulation that Chuck is referring to is the 13) ______A) Truth in Lending ActB) McCain-Feingold ActC) Sarbanes-Oxley ActD) Foreign Corrupt Practices Act14) River Rafting Adventures of Iowa prov ides rafts and tour guides to tourists eager to ride the wild rivers of Iowa. Management has determined that there is one chance in a thousand of a client being injured or killed. Settlement of resulting lawsuits has an average cost of $650,000. Insurance with a $50,000 deductible is available. It covers the costs of lawsuits unless there is evidence of criminal negligence. What is the expected loss without insurance? 14) ______A) $650B) $650,000C) $50,000D) $5015) The risk that remains after management implements internal controls is 15) ______A) Risk appetiteB) Residual riskC) Risk assessmentD) Inherent risk16) River Rafting Adventures of Iowa provides rafts and tour guides to tourists eager to ride the wild rivers of Iowa. Management has determined that there is one chance in a thousand of a client being injured or killed. Settlement of resulting lawsuits has an average cost of $650,000. Insurance with a $50,000 deductible is available. It covers the costs of lawsuits unless ther e is evidence of criminal negligence. What is the expected loss with insurance? 16) ______A) $650B) $50,000C) $650,000D) $5017) There are different types of internal controls available to an organization. The type of controls that deters problems before they arise are called 17) ______A) preventive controls.B) corrective controls.C) exposure controls.D) detective controls.18) According to SysTrust, the reliability principle of integrity is achieved when 18) ______A) the system is available for operation and use at times set forth by agreement.B) system processing is complete, accurate, timely, and authorized.C) the system can be maintained as required without affecting system availability, security, and integrity.D) the system is protected against unauthorized physical and logical access.19) An electronic document that certifies the identity of the owner of a particular public key. 19) ______A) Public keyB) Asymmetric encryptionC) Digital signatureD) Digital certificate20) In develo ping policies related to personal information about customers, Folding Squid Technologies adhered to the Trust Services framework. The standard applicable to these policies is 20) ______A) privacy.B) security.C) confidentiality.D) availability.21) In a private key system the sender and the receiver have ________, and in the public key system they have ________. 21) ______A) the same key; two separate keysB) an encrypting algorithm; a decrypting algorithmC) different keys; the same keyD) a decrypting algorithm; an encrypting algorithm22) Which of the following is an example of a corrective control? 22) ______A) Physical access controlsB) Intrusion detectionC) Emergency response teamsD) Encryption23) A more rigorous test of the effectiveness of an organization's computer security. 23) ______A) Vulnerability scanB) Penetration testC) Log analysisD) Intrusion detection system24) Which of the following is not a requirement of effective passwords? 24) ______A) Passwords should be no more than 8 characters in length.B) Passwords should contain a mixture of upper and lowercase letters, numbers and characters.C) Passwords should be changed at regular intervals.D) Passwords should not be words found in dictionaries.25) An auditor examining a firm's accounting information system creates a fictitious customer in the system and then creates several fictitious sales to the customer. The records are then tracked as they are processed by the system. This is an example collecting audit evidence using 25) ______A) a system control audit review file.B) an integrated test facility.C) audit hooks.D) the snapshot technique.E) continuous and intermittent simulation.26) The ________ part of the auditing process involves (among other things) the auditors observing the operating activities and having discussion with employees. 6) ______A) communication of audit resultsB) evaluation of audit evidenceC) audit planningD) collection of audit evidence27) The evidence collection method that considers the relationship and trends among information to detect items that should be investigated further is called 27) ______A) physical examination.B) vouching.C) analytical review.D) review of the documentation.28) One way an auditor gauges how much audit work and testing needs to be performed is through evaluating materiality and seeking reasonable assurance about the nature of the information or process. What is key to determining materiality during an audit? 28) ______A) the testing of records, account balances, and procedures on a sample basisB) determining if material errors exist in the information or processes undergoing auditC) determining what is and is not important given a set of circumstances is primarily a matter of judgmentD) none of the above29) The ________ to auditing provides auditors with a clear understanding of possible errors and irregularities and the related risks and exposures. 29) ______A) financial audit approachB) risk-adjusted approachC) risk-based approachD) information systems approach30) The ________ audit is concerned with the economical and efficient use of resources and the accomplishment of established goals and objectives. 30) ______A) financialB) informationalC) operationalD) information systemsAnswersBCDBACADACACCABDABDAACBABDCCCC

Intel Corporation Essay

Intel Corporation Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore Founded Intel in 1968. The two scientists had a vision for semiconductor memory products. In the year of 1971, the first microprocessor was shown to the world. Today Intel continues to grow not only in computer technology, but in the scientific areas of chemistry. Intel has reached out and opened doors to the world offering education, inspiration, communication and careers. The article I read is one that reads how Intel is making a better future and touches the lives of many; including a Colorado girl who received $100,000 Intel first prize; Sara Volz is a high school senior who has cultivated populations of algae in hopes to create a more feasible bio-fuel for the future. (Hauser, 2013) I find this article intriguing in a couple ways, first the brilliant minds at work in science and technology, and that Intel is helping and inspiring these brilliant minds to grow build their company in an un-self-serving way. Intel is a Corporation, which is defined as a legal structure that enables individuals to contribute and pool resources, capital, and labor in order to generate a profit. They are created by state law in the stated in which they are incorporated. Intel Corporation makes strenuous efforts to interact with their stakeholders, providing information profiles, biographies and documents on their website. Intel is the world’s largest semiconductor chip maker; the products they manufacture are computing and communication components like motherboards and wireless products. Intel strives to make the best product offering, service at your finger tips, extended service warranty, technical support, and Intel server parts on shop Intel. (Intel, 2013) Intel’s offers this globally to the B2B market and the consumer market. Intel Corporation holds about 80% of the market for microprocessors that go into the computers components most use today. Being number one Intel has competition in the computing and technology world, for example; International Business Machines, AKA (IBM). IBM the top providers of computer products and services the company focuses on service business and is one of the biggest providers of semiconductors. IBM also serves customers globally across most industries. (CNN money, 2012) Another competitor is  Advanced Micro Devices inc. (AMD). AMD is ranked number two in PC and server microprocessors, although Intel takes the world of processor market AMD gets most its sales internationally, china accounting for over half making it one of Intel’s biggest competitors. Intel’s motivates their employees by offering, Flexible Work Options; this gives employees flexibility in their schedules with telecommuting, part time, and job share opportunities to fit the needs in their pers onal lives. Family Focus offer childcare, and eldercare. Personal and professional development, Intel wants its employees to grow and helps with offering seminars tuition reimbursement, clubs, and career training courses. Last but not least their excellent coverage and preventive care, Health and Wellness Program to be proactive. The benefits and motivational factors may be one of the reasons Intel’s turnover rate is low. Intel saw 3% or less of their employees leave voluntarily during a 12-month period when surveyed. (CNN money, 2012) Intel corporation (NASDAQ: INTC) last price today is 23.96 on May 02, 2013. The highest was May 02, 2012 at a price of 29.18 and its lowest was November 20, 2012 at stock price of 19.36 (CNN money, 2012). Stock price has fluctuated at Intel over the past year but today is on its way back up. When buying shares of stock a decision is based on how well corporation and their profits are doing. In 2012, economic conditions were low, the increase in the job market means an increase in housing, and buying when people are buying like they are today in 2013 one is more likely to take a risk in corporate profits buying in stock (LIM, 2012) Ten years from now Intel will still be going strong. According to Gordon E Moore, Intel’s Co-founder a visionary wrote a paper in 1965 the paper notes in observation that the number of components in integrated circuits had doubled every year over and would continue. (AKA, Moore’s Law). According to the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors the trend is expected to continue with a bit of slowing at the end of 2013. Intel is a large corporation that is growing every day, creating employee partnership, giving not only to the community, but to communities around the world, and making a huge difference. Intel Values their employees, the quality of the products they develop, and their customers. Works Cited CNN money. (2012). Retrieved may May 03 2013, 2013, from CNN money top companies: http://money.cnn.com/ Hauser, E. (2013, march 12). New York Times. Retrieved May 03, 2013, from Science, Colorado Student Receives $100,000 Intel First Prize: http://www.nytimes.com/ Intel. (2013, May 2). Intel Corporation. Retrieved 2013 LIM, P. J. (2012, 12 16). The New York Times. Retrieved May May 02, 2013, 2013, from Your money: http://www.nytimes.com/

Holes the Book and the Movie Essay

Holes, penned by Louis Sachar, relates the story of Stanley Yelnats who has been accused and then awarded imprisonment for stealing a pair of sneakers. Sent away to a correctional facility, Camp Green Lake, Yelnats discovers that the odd practice of making the children dig holes is not a form of punishment devised by the sadistic warden but actually a search for a missing treasure. It is, what Alleva (2003) calls it, â€Å"a refutation of nihilism, a rallying cry of free will and a tribute to the power of expiation. † The book was adapted for the silver screen in the year 2003 by Walt Disney Pictures and starred Shia LaBeouf. While watching the movie, I discovered that the director did a tremendous job of keeping the movie as close to the book in spirit as possible. The movie however, suffered from being too short and, as with all books transferred on to the big screen, had certain sections entirely missing. Many differences abound, most of them noticeable because of the makers’ need to fit a 250 page book in a 2 hour movie. In the book, the famous outlaw Kate Barlow, regarding whom much has been speculated, is shown to have returned to her house and lived there for a considerable period of time before she was discovered by the villainous Trout Walker. She is then subsequently tortured by him and his wife (Sachar, 2000, pp. 121-123). In the movie however, the camera simply shows her leaning helplessly against Sam’s (Dule Hill) boat that had been overturned when Trout Walker and his wife catch her and immediately demand money or the whereabouts of the treasure. Another noticeable difference was when throughout the book the treasure is alluded to have been stored inside a suitcase. However, in the movie it is shown as hidden inside a chest or trunk of sorts. This gave the treasure hunt a romantic touch and was more in keeping with conventional ideas associated with treasures. In addition, the central character of the story, Stanley, is shown to have lost weight by Sachar due to digging holes in the hot, barren camp. The actor, Shia LaBeouf, however does not undergo any weight loss. Works Cited

Compare and contrast the rationalist and empiricist strategies( Essay

Compare and contrast the rationalist and empiricist strategies( Descartes vs. Locke) - Essay Example Even as this school of thought was popularized through Cartesian philosophy it has an extended lineage within philosophical schools of thought, dating from Greek antiquity to the modernist school exemplified by Immanuel Kant. It is not surprise then that there are a variety of competing perspectives on the issue, each of which can be situated along this philosophical continuum as they necessitate differing types of emphasis on the primacy of rational thought in the acquisition of knowledge. In terms of the Cartesian’ perspective, it was emphasized that only foundational truths could be understood through pure reason; different realities could only be grasped through scientific knowledge. The main crux of Descartes’ thought in the matter was that the physical world cannot completely be trusted to provide the thinker with a pure and unobstructed view of reality. In these regards, there is presented the famous deliberation on reality centered around dreams, as how is it po ssible for the individual to understand their existence is real as they could possibly be dreaming. For Descartes, thought and rational insight then becomes the basis for all reality. From the converse perspective, empirical knowledge constitutes the school of philosophical thought that argues the only knowledge that can be obtained is through experience.

Ethnography and ethnographic research report (ethnomusicology) Paper

Ethnography and ethnographic report (ethnomusicology) - Research Paper Example The reflection which is created in society is one which is based on several expressions that are associated with the culture. When looking at the context of rock music, it can be seen that there are specific associations with the trends of the music, as well as how the culture relates to the ideals of the music. The rock genre becomes a reflection of the social and cultural ideologies and identity of an individual. For collective groups, it is this genre that provides a sense of social worth to specific groups and provides an understanding of where one fits in with a specific identity. This piece of field work will examine the aspects of rock music and how it creates an identity for those that fit into a segment of society. The association with rock music is one which is expressed within various groups and interactive areas. The ability to create social worth is directly linked to the expression of rock music and the applications that are within society. Currently, youth have created global structures that create the identity as an institutional structure (Kjeldgaard, 2006). This means that there are several formations of generalized areas where youth meet to show the social worth and identity while moving through structures that don’t have the boundaries of locality. ... se of the online region will show how rock music isn’t about locality among youth, but instead is creating a sense of global worth that is growing within the society. Results of Data The first rock artist which was considered was Dave Matthews, an international musician that continues to perform and release CDs for the youth crowd. A fan base for the band was considered, as well as a forum which was attached to the band. The most popular topics that were on this site included Dave Matthew tickets, an autographed poster by â€Å"Dave and Leroi,† performance discussions and a download of â€Å"Crash Into Me,† one of the most popular songs of the band (MFC, 2011). There was also an interview conducted with one of the top individuals who was interacting on the site, which included questions on why they were interested in the band. The first questions were based on the ability to perform by the band as well as the easy to remember tunes. However, after asking why the tunes could easily be remembered, the individual stated that there was a personal connection made with the themes of the song that related to their life. The second site considered was not based on the popular genres of rock, but instead moved into what is considered underground rock and indie rock. This is produced by artists which don’t have a record contract and which build their fan base through grass roots efforts in their community. The focus of this particular site is to show videos, performances and the live options of the bands so others can connect to them. The network also consists of spreading the name of the indie artists so they can receive assistance in gaining a stronger reputation on a global level (Underground Rock Music, 2011). To find the most relevant indie artists, the social networking

Pregnancy before Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Pregnancy before Marriage - Essay Example It is arguably true that sex is a basic human need that all desire to enjoy with someone they care whether married or not. From a spiritual point of view, Christianity teaches that sex is actually good. In fact, God recommends it (Got questions Web). There are teenagers who seek comfort in sexual relations when they feel incomplete and unappreciated. They engage in sexual relationships that in most cases lead to pregnancies long before they get married. Teens will like to control their lifestyles even when they are under parental care. Hence, when they feel that their parents are exerting too much control in their lives, they seek freedom, support, and affection outside the family. Indeed, they feel emotional security when they engage in sexual relationships with their partners. However, little parental monitoring also promotes premarital sex. Additionally, a parental belief that adolescent sex is appropriate and inevitable fosters premarital relations among the teens. Single parenth ood may also contribute to premarital sex (Focus on the family Web). The aftermath of this may lead to pregnancies and diseases. Additionally, some think it is fashionable to engage in sex before marriage because that is the general trend among the teens. Christians and other religions have done little in talking about sex with some avoiding the topic completely. Our cultures assume that there is no control over sex and thus sex has become common before marriage. Actually many Christians are not considering it as a sin. The present lifestyle promotes sexual relationships and pregnancies before marriage. Teens that are in alcohol and drug use are susceptible to premarital sex because they lose control... This essay stresses that sex is a basic human need that all desire to enjoy with someone they care whether married or not. From a spiritual point of view, Christianity teaches that sex is actually good. In fact, God recommends it. There are teenagers who seek comfort in sexual relations when they feel incomplete and unappreciated. They engage in sexual relationships that in most cases lead to pregnancies long before they get married. Teens will like to control their lifestyles even when they are under parental care. Hence, when they feel that their parents are exerting too much control in their lives, they seek freedom, support, and affection outside the family. Indeed, they feel emotional security when they engage in sexual relationships with their partners. This paper declares that christians and other religions have done little in talking about sex with some avoiding the topic completely. Our cultures assume that there is no control over sex and thus sex has become common before marriage. Actually many Christians are not considering it as a sin. The present lifestyle promotes sexual relationships and pregnancies before marriage. Teens that are in alcohol and drug use are susceptible to premarital sex because they lose control of their conscience and importance in life. The movies, the porn magazines, and the secular songs all predispose young people to premarital sex. Thus, teens who are their customers, are likely to buy their idea and start practicing sex before marriage.

Korean War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Korean War - Essay Example hina to intervene in the war because of the fear that USA would help the South conquer the North and acquire its territory.1 Chinese also wanted to safeguard the Chinese-Korean border, as well as support for the North to win a glorious battle and to reclaim its status as the Central Kingdom. By helping the North resist the South, China considered it as repaying the North for the soldiers they provided during the civil war in China. Above all, China had a long standing towards the USA and they saw this as the perfect opportunity to inflict pain and suffering to the USA.2 Evidently, Chinese were not prepared to enter the Korean War, but entry of the US prompted them to rethink their decision and join the war. They entered the war to protect their border and to repay debt they owed North Korea, and most importantly to disapprove the US as the war provided a chance to maintain its status and pride as the world power. Civil Operation and Revolutionary Development Support was an organization formed in May 1967. The program aimed at coordinating the U.S public and pacification programs by pulling together all U.S military and civilian agencies engaged in the pacification efforts. The U.S aimed at promoting pacification of the countryside through development of rural areas coordinated with the army operation. CORDS efforts worked well to integrate military and civil efforts as exemplified by the United States Military experience in Vietnam. According to White, Komer, the head of CORD’s operation in Vietnam, successfully integrated the civilian and military personnel into a single efficient unit.3 Furthermore, Komer successfully placed soldiers under the command of civilians. This merger helped eliminate much of the home loyalty that had led to ineffective working of civilians under the previous Office of Civil system. Komer also consolidated the civilian and pacification into distinct and useful CORD programs.4 It was for the purpose of creating a powerful and

Memento Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Memento - Essay Example Leonard is motivated by the mission of seeking revenge for the murder of his wife. When his wife died, they were attacked by two men. He succeeded in killing one of them and the other one disappeared and he came to recognize him as John G. He ends up killing teddy and Jimmy as he suspects that they were the attacker who disappeared after killing his wife. However, in the end it turns out that Leonard was delusional and had killed his own wife. He keeps telling himself the story of the attackers in order to forget about his mistake of killing his wife. This paper analyzes the movie Memento in terms of plot structure, character development themes and style. The movie Memento does not follow the normal Freytag plot. Instead the movie follows a unique plot where the events are displayed in two sequences, the white and black sequence that follows a chronological order and the colored one which is reverse. For instance, instead of the climax appearing after the introduction, it comes at th e end of the movie where Leonard realizes that he was actually the one who killed his own wife. Nolan develops rising action by showing the confusion in Leonard’s minds. ... Leonard’s says that he knows who he was before the attack an insurance broker. He however has a problem keeping short term memory. Teddy points out that Leonard has created the unsolvable puzzle of John G. in order to give his life meaning. He tells him that the real attacker had been killed a year ago after tricking him to Kill Jimmy who was a drug dealer. A hotel attendant charges him double for a motel and points out that he would not remember it. He also says that even after getting his revenge, Leonard would not remember it. After the narration that Teddy gives about the killing of the attacker one year ago, the audience question who Leonard really is. Teddy’s story is more reliable than that of Leonard. This is because the movie establishes that since the attack, Leonard could not keep short memory. This is seen in the movie when he pays twice for a room in a motel without realizing it. Moreover, he wears Jimmy clothes and drives his car after killing him. He then walks in a bar where Natalie who was familiar with Jimmy recognized his clothes. It is thus possible that Leonard may have killed the real attacker as Teddy says. Although Leonard has a reminder of the story of Sammy he does not seem to understand the relationship that the story has in his own condition. It can thus be true that Leonard’s wife died of an overdose of insulin shot under directions of Leonard who could not remember events happening around him. He keeps repeating to his listeners that he talks fast since he has problem with short term memory. The notes and pictures that he keeps are unreliable source of information. The notes are flimsy and are not enough to base a memory on. Leonard is unable to read

Political Deviance or Scandal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Political Deviance or Scandal - Research Paper Example It is the higher immorality and has its roots in the governmental search for power and profit (Simon & Eitzen, 2002). It is a rational solution to the barriers or problems that stand in the way of these politician’s aims. The following seeks to look into the various aspects of political deviance and also explore its overall effects. The paper also looks at the accepted practices and policies in curbing this deviance. The last section of this study offers a projection on how political deviance will be treated in the next ten to twenty years. During political deviance, responsibility is denied by referring to actions as mistakes (Cepernich, 2008). There is also victimization through dehumanizing victims. Higher loyalties are invoked then condemners are condemned. It can be demonstrated in cases of extortion, bribery, or kickbacks. Political deviance is seen internationally in the actions of the CIA, that is, in war crimes like Mai Lai massacre and the Vietnam genocide (Cepernich, 2008). In the United States, for instance, the notorious Watergate scandal rocked the United States back in 1970s. Upon the occurrence of any political deviance, numerous effects are felt by both the affected society and culture. Political scandal being unethical and morally unacceptable in any society, it has to be dealt with accordingly. Engaging in political deviance attracts allegations of political bias (Cepernich, 2008). This activity is commonly more harmful both socially and even economically. Most state deviances are restricted to the a ctions of people of the highest social status. They involve tactical exploitation of the powerless members of the society by domination of the economy, engaging in crimes of government control, and abuse of human rights (Cepernich, 2008). It results in vast amounts of injury. The significant effect of any form of political deviance is that it

The Decade of the 1960's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Decade of the 1960's - Essay Example Human rights advanced during the decade but not without an extended, sometimes bloody fight. It was a collection of revolutionary acts designed to gain the heart and mind of American society. Following WWII, black Americans, who had fought in segregated units, began to wonder out loud why they returned to an oppressive situation in a country they risked their lives to defend. Legal equality and economic opportunity was elusive for blacks, particularly in Southern States. "Jim Crow" laws segregated blacks from schools, sections of town, restaurants and restrooms while preventing them from serving on juries, voting and using various methods of transportation. The 1954 "Brown vs. Board of Education" Supreme Court decision invalidated the excuse of separate was equal thus ending public segregation but the South didnt agree and for awhile didnt budge. The plight of black Americans was put into the spotlight by the decision then the next year. Rosa Parks broke the law in Alabama by not moving to the back of a Montgomery city bus. A steady stream of public civil rights actions followed, making the 1964 Civil Rights Act inevitable. Racism, prevalent throughout the nation, was no w in full demonstrative display in full color into everyones homes. The movement was, in itself a revolution involving great sacrifice. It certainly looked like one as televisions showed the National Guard transforming schools in Little Rock, Arkansas and Oxford, MS. into battlefields so black kids could attend. Martin Luther King, Medgar Evers, Malcom X and other prominent movement leaders were assassinated, students registering blacks to vote during "Freedom Summer" murdered and protesters beaten. As opposed to a famous saying, the revolution was indeed televised. (Vox, 2014). While the nation deeply mourned President John Kennedys assassination in Dallas and the Vietnam War was ramping up, President Johnson introduced a range of programs designed to

Potential conflicts Essay Example for Free

Potential conflicts Essay Every State has three inherent powers which are all necessary and indispensable for its continued existence. These powers may exist even without an express constitutional grant. Among these powers are Police Power, Power of Eminent Domain, and the Power of Taxation On the other hand, citizens in a democracy enjoy certain rights and freedom. These rights serve as safeguard for the protection of the people against excessive and unnecessary exercise of these three powers mentioned. The beauty of a democracy lies in the proper balance between the civil rights and liberties of the people and the fundamental powers of the State. An over-concentration of power in the government will lead to dictatorship or authoritarianism. An over emphasis in freedom and liberty will result to anarchy and mob rule. Analysis of the USA Patriot Act Consider the enactment of the USA Patriot Act as our country’s response to international terrorism. Pres. Bush upon signing the Patriot Act into law emphasized that this law will provide law enforcement officials with sufficient weapons and tools to fight terrorism. â€Å"Remarks by President Bush at Signing of USA Patriot Act of 2001†) He emphasized that we need this law for the protection of our country and for our protection as well. Despite the highly publicized importance of the Patriot Act to protecting our national security and territory, civil rights advocates however fear that the said law may have severe repercussions to our individual liberties. This law which should protect us from terrorists may even be used against us. Some of the provisions of the said law will give the law enforcement authorities unlimited power to search our physical property and seize them, monitor our electronic communication and bank accounts, library records and even our medical records. Last January 2006, The Association of American Physicians and Surgeons and the American Civil Liberties Union joined together in calling for the amendment of Section 501 of the Patriot Act which gives sufficient authority for government officials to seize any â€Å"tangible things† (Jeanne Lenzer)  Under Section 501, â€Å"(a)(1) The Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation or a designee of the Director†¦may make an application for an order requiring the production of any tangible things (including books, records, papers, documents, and other items) for an investigation to protect against international terrorism or clandestine intelligence activities, provided that such investigation of a United States person is not con ducted solely upon the basis of activities protected by the first amendment to the Constitution. † (Sec 501) It is because of this reason that in a number of medical center’s privacy policy there is already a statement informing their patients that they are authorized to disclose any medical information about the patient to authorized federal officials. Personal information about our health conditions, our sickness, the doctor treating us, the medicines we are taking and any other personal information, which we consider as confidential may now be discovered by the government, placed in a database together with all other personal information taken from other people, and this information could be transferred from one government agency to another. Conclusion I am a Libertarian. I do not think we need to sacrifice our liberty for the purpose of protecting ourselves from terrorism. Our civil liberty, such as our right to privacy, is our treasured rights. For some that is all they have. If the government will take this away from them they will be worse than the terrorists. There is only one solution to this problem and that is for the public to call for the amendment of this provision so that section 501 may finally be deleted from the Patriot Act. Although the said provision may also be useful for any criminal investigation, I believe however, that no government official should be given unbridled discretion to seize our medical records. As a rule, seizure of medical records should not be allowed subject to certain exceptions such as if a suit has been filed against the person whose medical record is being seized or if the person is a suspected terrorist who has confirmed affiliations with terrorists organizations.

Spider Womans Granddaughters by Paul Gunn Allen Essay Example for Free

Spider Womans Granddaughters by Paul Gunn Allen Essay In the introduction of Spider Womans Granddaughters, by Paul Gunn Allen, she provides background information pertaining to Native American history and culture. The purpose of this preface is to offer the knowledge necessary to understand the stories. She achieves this goal with the employment of the rhetorical strategies pathos and reference to authority. Allen strongly utilizes pathos. Her use of vocabulary conveys an extremely negative perception of the Anglo-American interactions with the Native Americans. Allen initially describes a road that travels through an Indian Territory in Oklahoma as a beautiful drive, lined tastefully with billboards however then reveals that the roadside signs mark the sites of starvation and slaughter. She continues to portray Anglo-Americans as insidious and pernicious. Allen also illustrates the affects of the massacring of the Native Americans: our numbers were horrifyingly diminished. These desperate, emotional words are deliberately used to provoke pathos effectively. Allens reference to authority compliments her appeal to emotion, as her points are represented with the words and opinions of indubitably respected figures. She shows the stubborn and misunderstanding views of Senator Dawes: He noted that Indian people had a good literacy rate, adequate food and shelter, medical care for all, and a thriving economic base, but he was disturbed because they continued to live communally. She includes this adamant refusal of the Indian lifestyle that was ultimately the cause of the suffering and injustice endured by the Native Americans, and reflects it in the words of an American leader. Allen exhibits the opinion of William Brandon: Of the approximately 150 million acres owned by the Indians in 1880 over ninety million acres were extracted from the Indians pocket. She also alludes directly to the holocaust by describing the westward expansion as such, and provides further allusion by relating schools to concentration camps. Paul Gunn Allens use of the rhetorical strategies of pathos and reference to authority create a nearly irrefutable vision of the Native Americans inauspicious history. Given this overview, the reader is provided the  necessary intellect to fully comprehend the stories.

Impact Of The Mega Sport Event On Tourism Tourism Essay

Impact Of The Mega Sport Event On Tourism Tourism Essay There are only two mega sport events namely the FIFA World Cup and the Olympics based on the scale of media interest. It means mega-sport event has unique natures such as outstanding reputation, adequate attention and worldwide scope already. A well-managed mega-sport event such as FIFA World Cup will attracts millions of visitors to a place. The tourism related to mega-sport event can be classified as sport event tourism that Foo L. M (2000) defined sport events tourism as the main purpose of the travel is to take part in an organized sporting activity, either as a spectator, participant or official. For example, the diverse preparations in Sydney for the 2000 Games not only cater for the 11,116 athletes, but also take into consideration the potential tourism inflow from Olympic spectators (which could number in the millions), athletes families, and estimated 15,000 media personnel (Groote, 2005). During the event holding, tourists spend money in related tourism businesses like restaurant, shop and hotel, and they may also visit surrounding tourist destinations and attractions. Obviously, tourism obtains benefits directly and indirectly from mega-sport event; while these benefits are various and long-term. In case of 2000 Sydney Olympics (Australian Tourist Commision, 2001): Visitors to Australia: 406,500 international visitors in September 2000, 15% higher than September 1999 (Australian Bureau of Statistics preliminary data). Worldwide Olympic TV audience: 3.7 billion in 220 countries (IOC) Worldwide Olympic Internet audience: 20 million (IOC) Brand Australia has been advanced by ten years, meaning what the world now knows about Australia, it wouldnt have known until 2010 had Sydney not hosted the Games (ATC). The ATCs media relations program generated an addition A$3.8 billion in publicity for Australia between 1997 and 2000 (ATC) The ATCs partnerships with major Olympic sponsors, such as Visa, McDonalds, Kodak and Coca-Cola generated in additional A$300 million in additional advertising exposure for Australia (ATC). In late 1999, the ATC launched the Australia 2000 fun and games campaign to encourage visitation to Australia in 2000. This was aimed at insuring against avoidance, as had been the experience of other major event host cities and countries. In 2000, visitor arrivals to Australia increased by 10.9% to almost five million according to preliminary Australian Bureau of Statistics figures (ABS). In excess of 100 business events, generating millions of additional export dollars for Australia can be directly attributed to the ATCs New Century. New World, Australia 2001 campaign aimed at capturing business tourism for Australia off the back of the Games. (ATC) etc. Furthermore, Hudson S. (2003) summarized relevant benefits for the host as follows: Major sport events can be catalysts for new facilities and new or improved infrastructure When sport facilities are built, they become permanent event venues Major sport events can be catalysts for attracting training sessions and other types of events, such as meetings and exhibitions There is potential for various sport events year round Sport events can reflect and enhance culture and local traditions, helping to create a unique and attractive sense of place Media coverage and its impact on developing a sport destination image can be more important than actual visitor spending Sport events can assist in destination branding by providing powerful, active lifestyle images and making cultural themes come alive However, hosting a major sports event also has high risks that mainly affect the sustainability of the tourism. For example the Olympic Games of 1976 in Montreal, it was a financial disaster for the city that almost bankrupt (Newton, 2012) and afterwards they were still faced with the financial debts until 2006 (CBC News, 2006). 2.2 Marketing in tourism 2.2.1 Mega-sport event marketing Funk D. C (2008) believed that effective marketing activities are able to shape the image of the city and stimulate the economy for the host; to reach specific target markets and position the destination to non-residents for the tourism marketers; to build community identification and create jobs for governments; to increase brand awareness, launch new products and services, and open new markets for sponsors. In terms of mega-sport event which is in essence experiential, interactive, targeted, and relational; these features are highly relevant and desirable given the modern marketing environment (Crowther, 2011) which can be explained as events create a social setting for attendees and help raise attendees involvement level; therefore, attendees are apt to be more receptive to marketing messages and images associated with the event than they are to those presented via other methods (Pope Voges, 2000; Meenachan Shipley, 1999). Therefore, event marketing is defined as a tool for experiential marketing that focuses on consumer experiences, and treats emotionally and rationally driven consumption as a holistic experience (Vel Sharma, 2010) and it offers an additional advantage, in that it actively engages the consumer with the brand and its personality (Sneath, et al., 2005). 2.2.2 Motivation of sport event tourist MacInnis D. J, Moorman C. Jaworski B. J (1991) defined motivation as an internal factor that arouses and prompts goal-directed behavior. Furthermore, Schiffman L. G Kanuk L. L (2001) detailed a motivation process which includes five stages: needs, tension, drive, want and goal. (Figure 1) Need recognition Goal behavior Want pathway Drive state Tension reductionFigure 1 Sport and event consumer motivation process Source: e.g., Schiffman L. G Kanuk L. L (2001) In the first stage: need recognition, Reisinger (2009) mentioned that potential consumers recognize a need when faced with a problem, we can understand the problem as a catalyst. As mentioned above, the problem of sport event consumer is the desire to seek the experiences. Second stage is the customers are considering how to satisfy this need and at the third stage, people will consider the pathways by their preference to reduce or eliminate the unpleasant state. Want pathway can be considered as decision-making processes and finally the goal behavior which can be understand as the acquisition satisfy peoples need, reduce tension and restore balance. A well-understanding of motivation process will help the marketer to know (Horner Swarbrooke, 2007): When to attempt to influence consumers (focusing marketing activities at the time when most consumers are making decisions to buy a particular product) The choice of advertising media based on which media the majority of consumers use to gain information about tourism products The selection of appropriate distribution channels or marketing intermediaries For example, the VisitBritains strategy for 2012 London Olympic Games focused to inspire visitors to explore Britain (VisitBritain, 2010) As the figure shows, the marketing strategy of VisitBritain focuses Awareness (inspire) and Intention (explore) stages. The marketing challenges are: Inspire: (long-term develop): Address the loss of market share and maximise the value of tourism working with the nations and regions of Britain Develop new product offers to stimulate demand in partnership with the nations and regions Explore: (Britain-led): Gain market share Grow Britain brand awareness Challenge negative perceptions of welcome, value and quality 2.2.3 Marketing strategy related to tourism Foxall (1981) defined marketing strategy as being an indication of how each element of the marketing mix will be used to achieve the marketing objectives. It is simple but easily to understand. Normally, the marketing objectives in tourism of mega-sport event host should be: To maximize the economic benefits for tourism across the host city/country To enhance the image of the host as a visitor destination To deliver- and showcase a world class welcome in and after the event A widely used marketing mix is the 4 Ps that product, price, place and promotion. Product Funk (2008) summarized unique aspects of the mega-sport event product: it is an intangible product; social facilitation via sport and reliance on product extensions. Intangible means it is an experiential product and social facilitation via sport means it has great impacts as mentioned above. However, these features are natural. Therefore, exploring on extension product is the key to stimulate and meet the demands of tourist. Such as UK launched new 50p coins to commemorating the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games (BBC, 2010) and create new travel routes for tourists as an event-related tour products and etc. à ¨Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ »Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ µÃ… ½Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ…  Ã‚ ¼Ã…’http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_482a6f7d010004ue.html Furthermore, as sport has the ability to directly and indirectly influences a number of aspects in a persons life (Beaton Funk, 2008), sport marketers are likely to package themselves as the forefront in the battle to improve quality of life as sport and leisure activities become central components of promoting health lifestyles, and building more integrated communities (Funk, 2008). à ¦Ã…  Ã…  Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¥Ã…  Ã… ¾Ãƒ ¥Ã… ¸Ã… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ¦Ã‹â€ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¦-†¦Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â‚¬ ºeventà §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ £Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã‚  Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å" ¯Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¥Ã… ¾Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ²Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ´Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¥Ã…  Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ªÃƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¦Ã…“†°Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ®Ã‚ µÃ‚ ¼Ã…’à ©Ã‚ ¦-à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å" ¯Ãƒ ¥Ã… ¸Ã… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ ²Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¥Ã… ¾Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¦-†¡Ãƒ ¥Ã…’- ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ §Ã‚ ­Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ §Ã‚ ­Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¾Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ… ¡Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾brandà ¦Ã… ½Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ Price Price can be understood by if it is valuable. Getz and Cheyne (1997) found that focus group participants identified important quality factors that can influence a decision to travel to an event, including reputation of the event, caliber of participants (the best in their field), international scope, and the presence of celebrities, rarity is also a factor. Obviously, mega-sport event has all these factors: outstanding reputation; national caliber; international tourism market; celebrities (NBA stars etc.) and once in four years. As mentioned above, mega-sport tourists pay for an experience which often involves sensory, emotional, cognitive, behavioural and relational values that replace functional values (Schmitt, 1999). A well-managed service system should be marketed to the audience as favourable factor. In adverse, weakness of service will lead tourist doubt to come. For example, a safety doubt emerging after the news that with one week remaining before the opening ceremony of the London Olympics, it only has 4,000 guards trained and ready which was expected to provide over 10,000 security personnel for the event (Bartnik, 2012). à ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã¢â€ž ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ªÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬Å" Ãƒ ¦Ã…“†°Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ ¥Ã…  Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¼Ã… ¸Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¦- ¹Ãƒ ©Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã¢â‚¬Å"à ¦Ã‚ ¶Ã‹â€ Ãƒ ¦-†¦Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ®Ã‚ ¢Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ©Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¨Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃ‚ ¼Ã… ¸Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¸Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¼Ã… ¡Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã¢â€š ¬-à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ »Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¹Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ©Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ §Ã… ½Ã‚ ¯Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¢Ã†â€™ Place It refers to the place where the customers can buy the product and how the product reaches out to that place. The most effective way is media such as Internet, PR and TV. Many scholars believe that media coverage of sport events will help countries to present themselves in favorable terms (Whitson Macintosh, 1996), and will assist destinations in building a positive image that helps to generate future tourist demand (Faulkner et al., 2000). à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ºÃƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ¢â‚¬  Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ º-à ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ´Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¨Ã…’Æ’Ã ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ´Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ… ½Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ½Ãƒ ©Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ãƒ ¥Ã…’-à §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¸Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¥Ã…“ ºÃƒ ¦Ã… ½Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à §Ã‚ ½Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ §Ã‚ »Ã…“à ¥Ã‚ ¼Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ Ã‹Å"à ¥Ã‚ ¾-à ¨Ã‚ ¶Ã…  Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¶Ã…  Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ ¡Ã‚ Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ Ã‚ ¼Ã…’ Social media such as Facebook, Flickr and TripAdvisor are increasingly being exploited within mega-sport event marketing campaigns. For example, Facebook has more than 300 million active users, 50% of whom log on everyday. The internet provides a worldwide platform to distribute the information. Recently emerging channel is mobile. According to VisitBritain (2010), 400m are already using the mobile internet and this will double by 2012; 87% of people are already using their mobile for media consumption at home, and 2012 London Olympic Games became the first mobile internet Games. Development of technology help marketers delivers the information more effective, however, traditional media still important such as newspaper, which are still widely used by old peoples; TV, which covers lots of computer illiterate and broadcast, which can reach the people who have no time to look such as taxi driver. Promotion Promotion is the business of communication to the customers such as what benefits the company or organization has to offer rather than exhibit the features. Hosting the mega-sport events means a valuable promotion opportunity as it can improving a destinations image and building a destinations brand for sustainable development (Getz, 1997; Hall, 1992; Jago, et al., 2010; Prentice Andersen, 2003; Ritchie, 1984) . This means that the city can show off its tourist attractions and the infrastructure that has been generated (Chalip, 2002; Owen, 2005; Whitson Horne, 2006). Awareness of the region is also positively impacted which again brings in domestic and international tourists and potential investors (Gursoy Kendall, 2006; Solberg Preuss, 2007). For example, in a study examining the effect of special events on a countrys brand building, Jun and Lee (2008) reported a positive relationship between the role of special events on the attitudes of young Korean students towards Germany, specifically, the more exposure Korean students had to special events held in Germany, the more likely they were to form positive attitudes toward Germany. These findings supported Chalip and Costas (Chalip Costa, 2005)general theory that special events can be an extension of a destination brand or can be promoted as certain features of destination brand. Political support à §Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ ¯Ã‚ Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ -à ©Ã¢â€ž ¢Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã‚ ­Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ ¾Ã‚ ³Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¥Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ©Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ºÃ… ¡Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦Ã… ½Ã‚ ¨Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¹Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¦Ã‹â€ Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã… ¾Ã…“à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ 2.3 Destination service quality Even though marketing strategy is well managed, tourists experience of a hotel, restaurant, or casino will imparts a different sort of knowledge than simply reading or hearing about it (La Tour, et al., 2009). Destination management includes how competition in tourism increasingly involves geographical systems where suppliers of hospitality, transportation, entertainment, and cultural services collaborate to increase the attractiveness of the destination and improve its ability to acquire customers (Bieger, 1998; Bieger, 2000; Buhalis, 2000; Ritchie Crouch, 2000; Go Crompton, 2000). Event managers are often preoccupied with delivering a high quality program (Getz, 1998), which is basically what visitors come to experience, but equal attention to service quality is essential for ensuring visitor satisfaction. SA Tourism (2008) concedes to the following ten challenges for 2010: 1) poor access to channels of tourism information, 2) insufficient accommodation, and 3) compelling attractions and activities, 4) inadequate service levels and skills shortage, 5) inadequate public transport, 6) insufficient focus on tourist safety and security, 7) limited institutional capacity, 8) managing expectations, 9) demand management and 10) displacement of general tourists. In the public eyes, hosting an event is a stimulator of tourism industry to the host city. Fourie and Santana-Gallego (2011) did a research on the impact of mega-sport events on tourist arrivals and resulted at there will be 8% increase of the arrivals on average to the host. The Olympics and FIFA World Cup are more than the average. For instance, by the data from ForwardKeys (2012), bookings made by 12th May show a 13% increase in the expected number of arrivals to London during the Olympics Periods and the rest of UK also receive 4% increase. Such a rapidly inflow of tourists will bring lots of problems such as transport disasters. Atlantas 1996 Olympic Game has provided a cautionary tale of mega-sport event travel chaos: with bus drivers getting lost, athletes arriving moments before their events and overloaded trains that couldnt get residents home (Wheatley, 2011). Therefore, how to provide quality destination service to tourists experience, while an influx occurs during the mega-sport event is one of the key factors of the successful tourism operation in mega-sport tourism marketing. Gronroos (1983) described service quality construct relates the level of experienced quality to both technical and functional dimensions of serve provision (see figure 10.1): Technical quality refers to the result of the service and/or the question, what has been provided? Functional quality on the other hand, refers to the way the service has been delivered and relates to the question, how has the service been provided? 2.3.1 Technical quality Technical quality refers to the relatively quantifiable aspects of the service such as The hotel guest will get a room and a bed to sleep in, the consumer of a restaurants services will get a meal, and the train passenger will be transported from one place to anotherà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Gronroos, 1984). In terms of mega-sport event, as influx of tourists, the capability of original infrastructure is not able to meet the needs. That is why Terret (2008) mentioned cities are interested in hosting of the Olympics Games as they can accelerate infrastructure projects. For example, Olympic experience shows that a highly robust and resilient public transport system is a prerequisite to handle exceptional Olympic mega event traffic demands (Bovy, 2006). In terms of London, it struggles with constraints on the Tube, which handles 12 million trips a day during normal times and the Olympics is estimated to add three million trips on the busiest days (Kirka, 2012). Therefore, it invested  £80m in permanent transport improvements for DLR (Media centre Press release, 2008), we have seen new rail links created in East London, and improvements to existing underground and overground train services (Pettinger, 2009) and the increase of capability achieved that a train arriving in the Olympic Park area every 15 seconds (London Olympics Transport Upgrade, 2012). This improvement will shorten the time that tourist move in and out the Olympic Park and reduce the crowd risk. In other hand, a strong public transport will also encourage tourist to choose so that avoid general car traffic on the primary Olympic transport network accordingly. 2.3.2 Functional quality Local human resource support Functional quality creates a competitive edge by focusing on the more personal aspects of the service encounter such as The accessibility of a teller machine, a restaurant or a business consultant, the appearance and behavior of waiters, bank tellers, travel agency representatives, bus drivers, cabin attendants, business consultants, plumbers, how these service firm employees perform, what they say and how they say it do also have an impact on the customers view of the serviceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Gronroos, 1984) In terms of mega-sport event, a special group volunteers was critical to the successful staging of mega-event because they provided the substantial amount of unpaid additional labour that was needed and also the outstanding service that help the tourists. For example, in Beijing 2008 Olympic games, there were 70,000 volunteers (Associated Press, 2007) applied in various positions such as translation and interpretation, protocol and reception, contest organization, food and beverage, medical services, security and transportation et al (Volunteer Positions Requirements, 2008). To ensure the service quality of the volunteer, a series of training was made before volunteers officially starting their services. In terms of Beijing 2008 Olympic Game, the training includes 4 parts (Organization and Administration of Olympic Volunteering, 2008) 1. General training: basic Olympic knowledge, brief introduction to the Beijing Olympic and Paralympic Games, Chinese history and traditional culture, history and cultural life in Beijing, knowledge and skills necessary to serve the disabled, etiquette norm, medical knowledge and first-aid skills. 2. Professional training: professional knowledge and skills required in voluntary services. 3. Venue training: venue functions, knowledge concerning the sports held in the venue, internal facilities, organizational structure, rules and regulations. 4. Job training: job responsibilities, specific work, business procedures, and operating norms. These well-trained volunteers helped the foreign visitors overcome language and cultural barriers, and provide professional service so that enhance the satisfaction of tourists experience in great extent and assist Olympic Games operating smoothly. However, Bejou et al. (1996) mentioned that there are non-standardized services in which the knowledge, behavior and commitment of the service providers are crucial. Oneil et. al. (1999) believe that this experiential product (such as event) is produced and consumed simultaneously, is highly heterogeneous and very difficult to store and/or control, but basically, if expectations are met, service quality is perceived to be satisfactory; if unmet, less than satisfactory; if exceeded, more than satisfactory. In contrary, poor events may causes by such as an emphasis on quantity rather than quality, a product rather than a market orientation, poor physical conditions and lack of information, and poorly selected or inadequately trained personnel (Jackson Schneider, 1990). 2.4 Sustainable tourism development The evaluation of the sustainability impacts of any mega-sport event is a complex and difficult task and it involves far more than simply estimating its potential revenue and expenditure (Dodouras James, 2004). As hosting a mega-sport event can also constituted a unique opportunity for the diversification and enrichment of the hosts tourism product, this legacy will benefit the tourism development in the future. For example, the building of tourism infrastructure in the case of Barcelona significantly enhanced its image and credibility as an international tourist destination (Duran, 2005). Musgrave Raj (2009) summarized the three sustainable aspects that influenced by mega-sport event as Figure 1: Mega-sport Events Social Environmental Economic Positive: Induced development and construction expenditure Long-term promotional benefits Civic pride Community development Increased employment opportunities Positive: Raising awareness of environmental issues Development of waste land Long-term conservation of area Positive: Direct/indirect expenditure Increased property value due to regeneration Additional trade and business development Induced development and construction expenditure Event product extensions Negative: Future use of infrastructure not maximized Interruption of normal business Resident exodus Disruption of lifestyle Media impacts Community apathy and antagonism Increased risk of security issues Unequal distribution of wealth Negative: Site/location damage short- and long-term Waste and pollution Noise pollution Traffic disruption and congestion Increase in energy demands and other natural resources Negative: Cost of event failure to local/national economy Inflated price of products, services and amenities Unequal distribution of wealth Fig. 1. 1. The three pillar impacts of events (Musgrave Raj, 2009) Consequently, the objectives of sustainable development are: optimizing socio-cultural impacts; minimizing environmental impacts and maximizing economic impacts (Smith-Christensen, 2009). Specifically, in terms of tourism, these impacts can be operationalized in the post-event period to attain, magnify and sustain their objectives as a sustainable sport tourism legacy. And accordingly, the sustainability of strategies that originate from sport tourism development policies, which according to sustainable development principles should maintain economic efficiency, social equity, and environmental integrity (Campell, 1996; Fitzgerald Leigh, 2002). 2.4.1 Social impact By social impacts we mean the consequences to human populations of any public or private actions that alter the ways in which people live, work, play, relate to one another, organize to meet their needs and generally cope as members of society. The term also includes cultural impacts involving changes to the norms, values, and beliefs that guide and rationalize their cognition of themselves and their society (Interorganizational Committee on Guidelines and Principles, 1994). To achieve the outcome that optimizing socio-cultural impact, the organizer should reduce the negative impacts and magnify the positive impacts. Tassiopoulos Johnson (2009) summarized the social impacts that brought by event tourism as follow: Negative impacts of tourism: Sex The sexual industry has grown rapidly rely on the mega-sport event due to some event attendees travel abroad to enjoy uninhibited casual sexual encounters and result on a bad impact of the local. For example, as many as 40,000 women could enter South Africa to work as prostitutes during this years football World Cup 2010 (The Telegraph, 2010). The grave danger of this growth has led to the spreading of HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases (Cooper, et al., 2005). Health There are diseases such as swine flu should be noted when people from different countries interact. For example, the recording of more than 8500 cases of malaria infections in the UK, which have been a result of tourist and visiting friends and relatives (VFT) traffic to malaria-infected destinations. These diseases may not fatal but they can cause social and economic stress to the host community. Commodification Commodification implies that the demands of tourism (inclusive of events) have led to the mutation and sometimes the destruction of the meaning of cultural performances and special events. Staged authenticity refers to simulated experiences that are developed to satisfy the needs of the visitor. Standardization refers to where the visitor attending an event searches for the familiar, leading to a loss of cultural diversity (Cooper, et al., 2005). Disruption of lifestyle of residents Sherwood (2007) refers to increases in traffic and noise and the general disruption to normal daily routines caused by the hosting of an event in the destination. Furthermore, overcrowding, congestion and noise are ascribed to an influx of event visitors in the host destination. This may cause that resident exodus, for instance, third of Britons holidaying abroad this summer have deliberately chosen dates to avoid London 2012 (Gerges, 2012). Crime and vandalism Many scholars such as Mathieson and Wall (1982) have suggested that large numbers of visitors to an event carrying relatively large amounts of money and valuables with them will provide a source for illegal activities including drug trafficking, robbery, vandalism and violence. For example, only 10 weeks before the FIFA World Cup 2010, in South Africa, there were 50 murders happened in one day while the South Africas murder rate actually dropped slightly last year (Tay, 2010). Positive impacts of tourism: The fostering of community/civic pride Events can be used to put new life into ceremonies and rituals, making them come alive, combining them with skills and crafts. This can inspire and assist with fostering local pride of a host community and provides the best possible experience for the event attendee (Tassiopoulos Johnson, 2009). Creating sociocultural awareness and peace Events take people to new places and can broaden their understanding and knowledge of other cultures and environments. This can be regarded as an educational process and, if channeled properly, this education can lead to greater awareness of, and sympathy and admiration for, other societies. Cultural exchange that takes place between the event attendee and the host community can assist in fostering peace. The belief in the relationship between tourism and peace is so strong that in 1986 the International Institute for Peace through Tourism was set up. Shared infrastructure When developments for events take place, for example, the FIFA 2010 World Cup in South Africa, the local infrastructure is often enhanced to meet the needs of the developments. The host community can find that the quality of their life is enhanced through being able to enjoy this improved infrastructure. This type of infrastructure can include upgrading sporting venues, improvement of airports and general transportation. Direct sociocultural support The funding generated from various events can provide funds to assist to restore heritage sites, conserve natural and cultural sites, or assist local charities. The proceeds earned from these events in terms of registration fees and goods sold are donated to various charities within the local community. 2.4.2 Environmental impact The environmental impact indicates that (Mathieson Wall, 1982; Jenner Smith, 1991; Boers Bosch, 1994; Puczko Ratz, 2002; 2005): Impacts on the natural environment, i.e. air quality, geological factors, water quality, depletion of natural resources, flora and fauna; Impacts on the man-made environment, i.e. buildings visual impacts, changes in land use, infrastructure; Impacts on the ecosystem. The depletion of natural resources is accelerated by the use of fossil fuels in transportation, the heating of accommodation and the operation of catering facilities (which are usually non-renewable energy sources like coal, crude oil or natural gas). In more environment-friendly solutions, heating and energy consumption is based on hydro, solar or wind energy. Wasteful and careless use of the drinking water supply significantly impairs the effectiveness of water management, and decreases available freshwater resources. The wasteful use of the water supply could be avoided by a more environmentally friendly attitude and modern technology. The positive elements of the environmental impacts most commonly catalogued relate to the new facilities that might not have been politically or financially feasible without the event. On the negative side, growing attention is being focused on the environmental damage due to development for mega sports events (Tolios, 1997). 2.4.3 Economic impact Event tourism can generate positive economic impacts, in addition to longer-term place marketing benefits and media exposure for destination, along with sporting or cultural policy benefits (Musgrave Raj, 2009). à ¤Ã‚ ºÃ‚ ºÃƒ ¤Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¨Ã…  Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ©Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã…  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ ¨Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¥Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ½Ã…“à ¥Ã‚ ²-à ¤Ã‚ ½Ã‚ Ãƒ §Ã‚ ­Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ §Ã‚ ­Ã¢â‚¬ °Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ½Ãƒ §Ã… ¡Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ãƒ ¦- ¹Ãƒ ©Ã‚ Ã‚ ¢Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¤Ã‚ ¸Ã‚ ¾Ãƒ ¤Ã‚ ¾Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ While these impacts are extremely relevant and often very important, an honest assessment of the value of a particular mega sports event must also include estimates of the negative impacts, such as commodity price increases a